Getting to Know Various Space Telescopes
Eluigwe—ókèala ikpeazụ—nnukwu mbara nke na-aga n'ihu na-adọrọ mmasị ụmụ mmadụ site na ihe nzuzo na ihe ijuanya ya. Teknụzụ mbara igwe emeela ka nghọta anyị banyere eluigwe na ala a na-enweghị ngwụcha ka mma nke ukwuu, nke agbanweela mbara igwe. Ngwaọrụ ndị a dị elu, ndị na-agbagharị n'elu mgbagwoju anya nke ikuku ụwa kpatara, na-enye anyị nghọta na omimi na-enweghị atụ n'ihe ha hụrụ. Lee nyocha miri emi nke ụfọdụ n'ime teknụzụ mbara igwe kachasị ama ama nke gbasaara mbara igwe anyị.
The Hubble Space Telescope
Ọ dịghị mkparịta ụka gbasara telescopes mbara igwe ga-ezu oke ma ọ bụrụ na ekwughị maka Hubble Space Telescope (HST) a na-asọpụrụ. N'afọ 1990, NASA wepụtara Hubble, ọ na-agba gburugburu ihe dị ka kilomita 547 n'elu Ụwa. N'agbanyeghị nsogbu teknụzụ mbụ, telescope ahụ aghọọla otu n'ime ngwa sayensị kachasị arụ ọrụ.
N'ịbụ nke e ji enyo mbụ nke mita 2.4 na ngwa sayensị dị iche iche mee, Hubble na-eme nke ọma n'ịse foto ndị nwere mkpebi dị elu n'ogologo ogologo a na-ahụ anya, nke ultraviolet, na nke dị nso na infrared. Ihe ndị ọ chọpụtara dị oke mkpa, site na nhazi zuru ezu nke ụyọkọ kpakpando ruo na njirimara nke mbara ala ndị dị n'èzí. Foto Hubble Deep Field, nke na-egosi ọtụtụ puku ụyọkọ kpakpando n'otu etiti, agbanweela nghọta anyị banyere nha na afọ nke eluigwe na ala.
Hubble na-ezigaghachi foto na data mara mma mgbe niile nke na-akwalite ọtụtụ ọrụ nyocha, na-enyere anyị aka ịmụ ihe ndị dị ka oghere ojii, nebulae, na ọnụego mgbasawanye nke eluigwe na ala. Ihe nketa ya ga-emetụta mgbalị mbara igwe n'ọdịnihu.
The James Webb Space Telescope
A haziri James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) ka ọ bụrụ onye ga-anọchi Hubble, bụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke dị njikere ịkwalite ókè nke nlele mbara igwe. A kpọrọ ya aha James E. Webb, onye nchịkwa NASA nke rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ọrụ Apollo, JWST bụ ọrụ jikọrọ aka nke NASA, European Space Agency (ESA), na Canadian Space Agency (CSA).
A haziri JWST ka ọ malite na Disemba 2021, o nwere enyo mbụ nke mita 6.5, nke buru ibu karịa nke Hubble, nke na-enye ya ikike ịnakọta ìhè ka ukwuu. E mere ya ka ọ na-ekiri ihe dị n'ime infrared, na-enye ya ohere ileba anya n'igwe ojii uzuzu nke mbara igwe ma see foto sitere na mbara igwe mbụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-atụ anya na JWST ga-enyere aka ikpughe ihe nzuzo gbasara nhazi nke kpakpando na ụyọkọ kpakpando, kwalite nghọta anyị banyere usoro mbara ala, ma eleghị anya ọbụna chọta ihe ngosi gbasara mmalite nke ndụ.
Nhazi ọhụrụ nke JWST gụnyere ihe mkpuchi anyanwụ nke hà ka ogige tenis iji chebe ngwa egwu ya pụọ na radieshon anyanwụ, na-ahụ na okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ọrụ. A ga-etinye teleskop ahụ n'ebe Lagrange nke abụọ (L2), ihe dị ka kilomita nde 1.5 site na Ụwa, na-enye ya ohere ịnọgide na-enwe echiche kwụsiri ike na nke doro anya banyere eluigwe na ala.
The Chandra X-ray Observatory
Ọ bụ ezie na Hubble na-ahụ ìhè a na-ahụ anya nke ọma, Chandra X-ray Observatory na-elekwasị anya na X-ray, na-enye echiche ọzọ gbasara eluigwe na ala. E hiwere Chandra na 1999, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ dị oke elliptical, na-eru anya ruo kilomita 139,000 site na Ụwa. Ebe a na-ele anya na-enye ya ohere izere nnyonye anya nke ikuku X-ray nke ụwa.
A kpọrọ Chandra aha ya site n'aka onye nwetara onyinye Nobel bụ́ Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, mkpebi dị elu nke akụkụ elu ya na-enye ya ohere ijide ikuku X-ray sitere na mpaghara ọkụ nke eluigwe na ala, dị ka ihe fọdụrụ nke kpakpando gbawara agbawa, ụyọkọ kpakpando, na ihe ndị na-agbagharị gburugburu oghere ojii. Nchọpụta ya dị oke mkpa n'ịghọta usoro ike dị elu nke na-akpụzi mbara igwe.
Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Chandra enyela nghọta banyere ọdịdị nke ihe gbara ọchịchịrị site n'ịmụ banyere ihe ndị na-eme n'etiti ụyọkọ kpakpando ma nyere aka dozie ihe omimi nke ihe ndị na-efu efu n'eluigwe na ala. Ebe nlele a na-aga n'ihu na-emeju telescope ndị ọzọ, na-ese onyinyo zuru oke nke ihe ndị na-eme ka eluigwe na ala anyị sie ike.
The Spitzer Space Telescope
E hiwere Spitzer Space Telescope n'afọ 2003, ọ bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ikiri infrared, nke na-enye ya ohere ịhụ ihe karịrị ihe a na-ahụ anya nke uzuzu eluigwe kpuchiri. A kpọrọ ya aha Lyman Spitzer, onye na-akwado telescope mbara igwe, Spitzer enyela nghọta doro anya banyere mpaghara mbara igwe ndị dị jụụ ma dịkwa uzuzu.
Ike infrared ya nyere ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe aka ịmụ ihe ndị dị ka nhazi kpakpando, nhazi nke ụyọkọ kpakpando, na ikuku nke mbara ala ndị dị n'èzí. Spitzer nyeere aka n'ịchọpụta usoro TRAPPIST-1, kpakpando dị nso nke nwere mbara ala asaa dị ka ụwa, atọ n'ime ha dị n'ógbè obibi.
Ọ bụ ezie na Spitzer kwụsịrị ọrụ na 2020 mgbe oyi dị mkpa maka ngwaọrụ ya kachasị dị nro gwụchara, onyinye ya na-adịgide site na nnukwu ebe nchekwa data bara uru.
The Kepler Space Telescope
Kepler Space Telescope, nke e wepụtara na 2009, raara onwe ya nye ịchọta mbara ala ndị dị ka ụwa, agbanweela ihe dị ukwuu n'ihe gbasara nchọpụta mbara ala ndị ọzọ. Site na iji usoro njem, Kepler lere anya n'ìhè nke ihe karịrị kpakpando 150,000, na-achọpụta obere mwụda nke mbara ala ndị na-agafe n'ihu ha kpatara.
Ihe Kepler chọpụtara agbanweela nke ukwuu. O gosila na ihe karịrị mbara ala 2,600 dị na mbara ala, nke mere ka anyị mara ụdị na otú usoro mbara ala si gbasaa nke ukwuu. Kepler egosila na mbara ala ndị dị ka ụwa dị n'ebe a na-ahụkarị kpakpando ha, na-egosi na eluigwe na ala nwere ike jupụtara n'ụwa ndị a pụrụ ibi na ha.
Ọbụna mgbe ọrụ mbụ ya kwụsịrị na 2013 n'ihi nsogbu igwe, Kepler gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ K2, na-eme ka anyị na-achọ mbara ala ndị dị n'èzí ma na-amụ ihe dị iche iche gbasara mbara igwe ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 2018.
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
E hiwere Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope n'afọ 2008, nke aha ya bụ Enrico Fermi, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara physics, lekwasịrị anya n'ihe ndị kacha enye ike n'eluigwe na ala. Site n'ile anya na radieshon gamma, Fermi na-enye nghọta banyere ihe ndị dị ka supernovae, kpakpando neutron, na gamma-ray gbawara agbawa.
Ihe ndị a chọpụtara ama ama gụnyere ịchọpụta afụ gamma-ray nke sitere na etiti Milky Way, nke e chere na ọ sitere na ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na-akpali akpali n'etiti mbara igwe anyị. Ihe Fermi hụrụ dị mkpa n'ịmụ banyere ụzarị mbara igwe nwere ike dị elu na ịkwalite nghọta anyị banyere ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.
Conclusion
Ihe ịrụ ụka adịghị ya na igwe onyonyo mbara igwe agbanweela nghọta anyị banyere mbara igwe. Site na onyonyo Hubble mara mma ruo na nchọpụta Kepler nke mbara igwe na onyinye JWST tụrụ anya ya, ngwa ndị a emeela ka ihe ọmụma anyị gbasaa ma mepee ụzọ ọhụrụ maka nchọpụta. Ka teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu, igwe onyonyo mbara igwe ga-anọgide na-ekpughe ihe nzuzo nke eluigwe na ala, na-akpali ụmụ mmadụ iru n'ime kpakpando ma zaa ajụjụ ndị na-adịghị agwụ agwụ gbasara mmalite na ebe anyị nọ na mbara igwe.
