Cov Khoom Siv ntawm Cov Ntsiab Lus
Pendahuluuan
Hauv ntiaj teb ntawm chemistry, lub rooj teev cov ntsiab lus yog ib qho ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas pab cov kws tshawb fawb cais thiab nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntsiab lus tshuaj. Lub rooj teev cov ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho kev sawv cev pom ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau tshawb pom, tab sis kuj muab kev nkag siab tob txog cov yam ntxwv thiab tus cwj pwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus los ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv tshwj xeeb. Kev nkag siab txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev kawm thiab kev siv hauv kev lag luam, suav nrog cov tshuaj, kev tshawb fawb txog cov ntaub ntawv, thiab thev naus laus zis.
Keeb Kwm ntawm Lub Rooj Sib Tham
Lub rooj sib tham txog cov khoom siv niaj hnub no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev hloov pauv ntev. Dmitri Mendeleev, ib tug kws tshawb fawb Lavxias, thawj zaug tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm lub rooj sib tham txog cov khoom siv hauv xyoo 1869. Mendeleev tau teeb tsa cov ntsiab lus raws li kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom siv atomic thiab tau ua pov thawj tias lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg qhia txog kev rov ua dua, lossis "periodic," tus qauv. Qhov kev tshawb pom no tau tso lub hauv paus rau kev txhim kho ntawm lub rooj sib tham txog cov khoom siv niaj hnub no, uas tam sim no feem ntau hu ua tus lej atomic, tus lej ntawm cov protons hauv lub nucleus ntawm lub atom.
Cov Khoom Siv Periodic ntawm Cov Ntsiab Lus hauv Lub Rooj Periodic
Lub vojvoog atomic
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas feem ntau tham txog yog lub vojvoog atomic. Hauv ib pawg (ib kab ntsug hauv lub rooj teev sijhawm), lub vojvoog atomic feem ntau nce ntxiv ntawm sab saud mus rau hauv qab. Qhov no yog vim txhua lub ntsiab lus hauv pawg muaj ib txheej electron ntxiv piv rau lub ntsiab lus saum toj no, ua rau nws loj dua.
Lub Zog Ionization
Lub zog ionization yog lub zog uas xav tau los tshem tawm ib lub electron ntawm ib lub atom. Lub zog ionization feem ntau txo qis los ntawm sab saud mus rau hauv qab hauv ib pawg. Qhov no yog vim qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub nucleus thiab cov valence electrons ua rau nws yooj yim dua los tshem tawm cov valence electrons.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm electron
Qhov electron affinity ntsuas qhov kev hloov pauv zog thaum lub atom neutral tau txais ib lub electron. Electron affinity feem ntau yuav txo qis mus rau hauv ib pawg. Qhov no yog vim qhov nce ntawm qhov loj ntawm atomic thiab qhov txo qis ntawm qhov kev nyiam ntawm lub nucleus rau lub electron ntxiv.
Kev tsis pom zoo ntawm electronegativity
Electronegativity yog ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm qhov kev nyiam ntawm ib lub atom kom nyiam ib khub electrons hauv ib daim ntawv cog lus covalent. Hauv ib pawg, electronegativity feem ntau txo qis los ntawm sab saud mus rau hauv qab, vim tias cov valence electrons nyob deb ntawm lub nucleus, yog li lawv qhov kev nyiam qis dua.
Cov Khoom Siv Periodic ntawm Lub Rooj Periodic
Lub vojvoog atomic
Thoob plaws ib lub sijhawm (kab kab rov tav hauv lub rooj teev sijhawm), cov atomic radii feem ntau yuav txo qis ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Qhov no yog vim tias qhov nce ntxiv ntawm cov protons hauv lub nucleus atomic ua rau muaj kev nyiam electrostatic ntawm lub nucleus thiab cov electrons, ua rau lub atom me dua.
Lub Zog Ionization
Feem ntau lub zog ionization nce ntxiv thoob plaws ib lub sijhawm los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis. Qhov no yog vim tias qhov nce ntawm cov nqi hluav taws xob nuclear ua rau cov electrons khi nruj dua thiab nyuaj rau tshem tawm.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm electron
Qhov sib raug zoo ntawm cov electron feem ntau nce ntxiv ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis thoob plaws ib lub sijhawm. Hauv qhov no, cov atoms uas me dua thiab nyob ze rau qhov teeb tsa octet yuav yooj yim txais cov electrons ntxiv.
Kev tsis pom zoo ntawm electronegativity
Electronegativity feem ntau nce ntxiv ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis thoob plaws ib lub sijhawm, vim tias qhov nqi hluav taws xob zoo nce ntxiv thiab qhov deb ntawm lub nucleus thiab valence electrons txo qis.
Cov Kev Siv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Periodic hauv Chemistry
Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Kwv Yees Txog Cov Khoom ntawm Cov Tshuaj
Kev nkag siab txog cov khoom siv uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ib txwm ua rau cov kws tshuaj lom neeg muaj peev xwm kwv yees tau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab lub cev ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tseem tsis tau tshawb pom lossis cais tawm. Piv txwv li, ua ntej nws raug tshawb pom, Mendeleev tau kwv yees tau cov khoom ntawm germanium raws li nws qhov chaw hauv lub rooj teev sijhawm ib txwm.
Kev Tsim Khoom Siv
Cov khoom siv tsis tu ncua kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom siv tshiab. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov khoom siv ntawm cov ntsiab lus, cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li kev ua hluav taws xob, kev tiv thaiv corrosion, lossis lub zog kho tshuab. Piv txwv li suav nrog kev tsim cov hlau alloys, semiconductors, thiab superconductors.
Tshuaj thiab Tshuaj Kho Mob
Hauv kev kho mob thiab tshuaj lom neeg, kev nkag siab txog cov khoom muaj nqis ib ntus pab tsim cov tshuaj thiab cov khoom siv hauv lub cev. Piv txwv li, cov hlau hloov pauv xws li platinum yog siv rau hauv cov tshuaj los kho mob qog noj ntshav vim lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj tshwj xeeb.
Ib puag ncig thiab Zog
Cov khoom siv tsis tu ncua kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig thiab kev txhim kho lub zog. Kev siv cov catalysts hauv cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, kev siv lub zog rov ua dua tshiab, thiab kev txhim kho cov thev naus laus zis khaws cia lub zog txhua yam siv cov khoom siv tsis tu ncua ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Ib qho piv txwv yog kev siv platinum catalysts hauv cov tsheb catalytic converters los txo cov pa phem.
Xaus
Lub rooj teev cov tshuaj lom neeg yog daim ntawv qhia uas tsis yog tsuas yog piav qhia txog cov tshuaj lom neeg uas paub xwb tab sis kuj muab kev nkag siab tob txog lawv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thiab tus cwj pwm. Kev nkag siab txog cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev siv hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis. Txij li kev tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev tsim kho mus rau kev tsim tshuaj thiab kev tswj hwm ib puag ncig, cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg muab cov cuab yeej rau kev nkag siab thiab tshawb nrhiav lub ntiaj teb ntawm chemistry hauv txoj kev teeb tsa thiab kwv yees ntau dua. Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv, lub rooj teev cov tshuaj lom neeg yuav txuas ntxiv mus thiab ua haujlwm ua tus qhia tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb.
Kev paub txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv tsis yog tsuas yog muab kev nkag siab tob txog chemistry xwb tab sis kuj qhib lub qhov rooj rau cov kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev tshawb pom uas tuaj yeem hloov peb lub ntiaj teb. Tom qab txhua yam khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg muaj peev xwm tseem tsis tau siv los thawb cov ciam teb ntawm kev paub thiab thev naus laus zis mus rau hauv cov kev taw qhia tshiab thiab tsis tau xav txog.
