Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob thiab Kev Paub Txog Lub Cev
Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob yog ib qho ntawm lub cev txoj kev tiv thaiv uas nyuaj thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tiv thaiv lub cev ntawm kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov kab mob xws li cov kab mob me me, cov kab mob me me, cov kab mob parasitic, thiab cov kab mob fungi. Kev teb tiv thaiv kab mob yog hais txog ntau yam txheej txheem uas muaj ntau hom hlwb thiab cov molecule los paub thiab rhuav tshem cov kab mob txawv teb chaws uas nkag mus rau hauv lub cev. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tham txog qhov tob txog seb lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob paub txog lub cev txoj kev tiv thaiv li cas, nws teb li cas rau kev hem thawj, thiab qee qhov tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev no.
Kev Taw Qhia Txog Tus Kheej thiab Tsis Yog Tus Kheej
Ib qho ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog nws lub peev xwm los paub qhov txawv ntawm lub cev cov hlwb ('tus kheej') thiab cov hlwb txawv teb chaws ('tsis yog tus kheej'). Lub peev xwm no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom rhuav tshem cov kab mob yam tsis ua rau cov hlwb noj qab haus huv puas tsuaj. Qhov kev lees paub no feem ntau yog ua tiav los ntawm cov molecules hu ua Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), uas pom muaj nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm yuav luag txhua lub hlwb ntawm lub cev.
MHC nthuav tawm cov protein fragments, hu ua peptides, rau T cells, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Muaj ob chav kawm tseem ceeb ntawm MHC: MHC chav kawm I pom muaj nyob rau yuav luag txhua lub cell nucleated thiab nthuav tawm peptides los ntawm cov protein intracellular, thaum MHC chav kawm II pom muaj nyob rau ntawm cov cell-presenting antigen (dendritic cells, macrophages, thiab B cells) thiab nthuav tawm peptides los ntawm cov protein uas coj los ntawm sab nraud cell. T cells paub txog cov peptides uas nqa los ntawm cov MHCs no: yog tias peptide yog los ntawm lub cev cov cell, T cell yuav tsis ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias peptide yog los ntawm tus kab mob, T cell yuav raug ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab txuas ntxiv ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Uas Muaj Txij Nkawm Thiab Kev Hloov Kho Tau
Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob muab faib ua ob ntu tseem ceeb: kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas yug los thiab kev tiv thaiv hloov pauv tau. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas yug los yog kab tiv thaiv thawj zaug, thiab nws cov lus teb feem ntau yuav sai dua tab sis tsis tshua meej lossis muaj "kev nco qab." Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas yug los suav nrog daim tawv nqaij, mucosa, phagocytes (xws li macrophages thiab neutrophils), cov hlwb tua neeg ntuj (NK hlwb), thiab ntau yam protein hauv cov ntshav xws li complement.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tiv thaiv kab mob uas hloov tau raws li qhov xav tau yog kab thib ob uas qeeb dua thaum pib teb, tab sis tshwj xeeb dua thiab muaj peev xwm "nco qab" cov kab mob los ntawm kev nco txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob. Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob uas hloov tau raws li qhov xav tau yog cov qe ntshav T thiab cov qe ntshav B. Cov qe ntshav B yog lub luag haujlwm tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb tawm tsam cov antigens, thaum cov qe ntshav T raug faib ua cov qe ntshav T pab thiab cov qe ntshav T cytotoxic, txhua tus ua haujlwm los pab txhawb kev ua haujlwm ntawm lwm cov qe ntshav thiab kev rhuav tshem cov qe ntshav uas muaj kab mob.
Cov Kauj Ruam Hauv Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob
Kev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj ntau theem uas tsim los txheeb xyuas thiab rhuav tshem cov kab mob. Theem thawj, hu ua "kev saib xyuas kev tiv thaiv kab mob," yog ib qho txheej txheem uas cov hlwb ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob saib xyuas tas li seb puas muaj cov kab mob. Thaum ib tug kab mob nkag mus rau hauv lub cev, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nrhiav thiab paub pib.
1. Kev Tshawb Pom thiab Kev Paub: Cov hlwb Dendritic thiab macrophages, tom qab nrhiav pom cov kab mob siv cov receptors tshwj xeeb xws li Toll-like receptors (TLRs), phagocytose thiab ua cov kab mob. Tom qab ntawd lawv nthuav tawm cov khoom me me ntawm cov kab mob rau T hlwb ntawm MHC molecules.
2. Kev Ua Kom Muaj Zog: Cov tshuaj antigens uas MHC nthuav tawm raug lees paub los ntawm cov receptors ntawm cov T cell sib xws. Cov T cell uas tau lees paub cov antigen raug ua kom muaj zog, ua rau lawv loj hlob thiab sib txawv mus rau hauv cov cell effector uas tuaj yeem ua tiav txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tawm tsam cov kab mob. Cov B cell kuj tseem raug ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nrog cov T cell thiab cov antigens cuam tshuam, txhawb kev tsim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb rau cov antigen ntawd.
3. Cov Tshuaj Uas Ua Rau Mob: Cov qe ntshav dawb Cytotoxic T cells rhuav tshem cov qe ntshav dawb uas muaj kab mob los ntawm ntau txoj kev sib txawv, suav nrog kev tso tawm cov granules uas muaj perforin thiab granzymes uas ua rau apoptosis hauv cov qe ntshav dawb. Lub caij no, cov tshuaj tua kab mob uas cov qe ntshav dawb B tsim tawm tua cov kab mob sab nraum cov qe ntshav dawb thiab cim lawv kom raug rhuav tshem los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob xws li macrophages lossis los ntawm txoj kev sib txuas.
4. Kev Nco Txog Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob: Tom qab kev kis kab mob ploj mus, qee cov qe ntshav T thiab qe ntshav B uas tau qhib lawm yuav hloov mus ua cov qe ntshav nco. Cov qe ntshav nco no nyob hauv lub cev thiab yuav teb sai dua thiab zoo dua yog tias tib yam kab mob rov nkag mus rau hauv lub cev.
Kev Sib Npaug ntawm Lub Cev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob
Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob muaj zog heev thiab tseem ceeb heev rau kev ciaj sia, tab sis yog tias nws tsis sib npaug zos, nws yuav ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv. Kev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis zoo, txawm tias yog los ntawm yug los yog yug los, ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv kab mob. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tiv thaiv kab mob ntau dhau lossis tsis tswj tau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kab mob autoimmune, qhov twg lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tawm tsam lub cev cov hlwb, zoo li tshwm sim hauv ntau yam sclerosis lossis mob pob qij txha rheumatoid.
Lwm yam kab mob ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob suav nrog kev ua xua, uas lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob rau cov tshuaj antigens tsis muaj teeb meem, xws li paj ntoos lossis qee yam khoom noj, dhau los ua hyperactive. Kev kho mob ntawm tus mob no xav tau kev kho mob kom zoo kom rov qab kho lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob kom zoo li qub.
Kev kaw
Lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob thiab nws cov txheej txheem rau kev paub qhov txawv ntawm "tus kheej" thiab "tsis yog tus kheej" yog cov yam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Kev noj qab haus huv zoo ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob tsis yog tsuas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tiv thaiv cov kab mob sib kis xwb tab sis kuj tseem ceeb rau kev tswj hwm qhov sib npaug hauv lub cev kom tiv thaiv cov kab mob autoimmune lossis kev ua xua. Kev nkag siab tob dua txog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob txuas ntxiv mus, ua rau muaj ntau yam kev kho mob tshiab hauv kev kho mob tiv thaiv kab mob thiab kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv, muab kev cia siab tshiab rau kev kho cov kab mob nyuaj uas cuam tshuam nrog lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob.
