Cov Khoom Siv Tiv Thaiv Rau Lub Tshuab Fais Fab Hnub Ci
Cov tshuab fais fab hnub ci (PLTS) siv ntau zuj zus hauv cov tsev, cov tsev lag luam, cov lag luam, thiab cov chaw pej xeem. Dhau li ntawm qhov ua lub zog huv thiab muaj ntau, PLTS kuj tseem tuaj yeem txo cov nqi hluav taws xob thiab ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub zog. Txawm li cas los xij, zoo li lwm cov tshuab hluav taws xob, PLTS ntsib ntau yam kev pheej hmoo: voltage surges, overcurrents, luv circuits, indirect lightning strikes, installation yuam kev, thiab components degradation vim cua sov thiab ib puag ncig. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv tiv thaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau lub system kev nyab xeeb, ruaj khov, thiab ua haujlwm ntev.
Tsab xov xwm no tham txog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv tseem ceeb hauv cov tshuab fais fab hnub ci, lawv cov haujlwm, thiab cov ntsiab cai siv feem ntau.
Vim li cas cov tshuab fais fab hnub ci thiaj xav tau kev tiv thaiv?
Lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci (PLTS) muaj ntau yam khoom siv: cov modules hnub ci (PV), cov cables DC thiab cov connectors, lub thawv combiner, lub inverter, roj teeb (yog tias yog lub hybrid/off-grid system), thiab lub vaj huam sib luag AC faib hluav taws xob txuas nrog lub load lossis PLN grid. Txhua yam khoom muaj cov yam ntxwv thiab kev phom sij sib txawv. Sab DC tuaj yeem muaj cov hluav taws xob siab thiab cov hluav taws xob loj uas txuas ntxiv mus thaum muaj teeb pom kev zoo, yog li kev cuam tshuam tam sim no thiab kev daws teeb meem txawv ntawm sab AC. Lub caij no, sab AC raug rau cov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev teeb tsa hluav taws xob xws li overcurrent, kev ua tsis tiav ntawm cov rwb thaiv tsev, thiab cov hluav taws xob xau.
Yog tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv zoo, qhov teeb meem me me tuaj yeem ua rau lub inverter puas tsuaj, cov xov hluav taws xob luv luv, hluav taws kub, lossis ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kws kho tshuab thiab cov neeg nyob hauv tsev. Kev tiv thaiv zoo kuj ua rau kev saib xyuas yooj yim dua: lub kaw lus tuaj yeem cais tawm ib ntu, qhov txhaum tuaj yeem kho tau, thiab cov khoom tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau yam tsis muaj kev phom sij.
1) Cov fuse DC thiab AC
Cov fuses yog cov khoom siv tiv thaiv yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab siv dav tshaj plaws. Lawv lub luag haujlwm yog cuam tshuam cov hluav taws xob thaum muaj hluav taws xob ntau dhau lossis luv luv. Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci (PLTS), DC fuses feem ntau raug ntsia rau ntawm txhua txoj hlua vaj huam sib luag (ib qho ntawm cov modules) ua ntej nkag mus rau hauv lub thawv combiner lossis inverter. Qhov no tseem ceeb vim tias yog tias ib txoj hlua muaj qhov tsis zoo, cov hluav taws xob rov qab los ntawm lwm txoj hlua tuaj yeem ntws mus rau txoj hlua puas tsuaj thiab ua kom cov cables lossis connectors sov.
Muaj ib lub fuse AC ntsia rau sab ntawm lub inverter los tiv thaiv lub voj voog AC ntawm overcurrent. Kev xaiv fuse yuav tsum xav txog qhov ntsuas tam sim no, lub peev xwm tawg, thiab kev haum rau DC lossis AC. DC fuses tsis tuaj yeem hloov nrog AC fuses vim tias kev tua hluav taws xob DC arc nyuaj dua.
2) MCB thiab MCCB (Circuit Breaker)
MCBs (Miniature Circuit Breakers) thiab MCCBs (Molded Case Circuit Breakers) ua haujlwm ua kev tiv thaiv overcurrent thiab luv luv, thiab kuj tseem siv tau ua cov breakers tes. Ntawm sab AC, MCBs feem ntau siv rau cov voj voog thauj khoom thiab cov kab faib khoom. Ntawm sab DC, muaj cov DC MCBs tshwj xeeb tsim rau DC voltages thiab arc yam ntxwv.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov circuit breakers dua li cov fuses yog tias lawv tuaj yeem rov pib dua tom qab tripping (tsuav yog qhov ua rau muaj qhov txhaum tau daws lawm). Txawm li cas los xij, cov hnub ci PV installations feem ntau muab cov fuses thiab circuit breakers sib xyaw ua ke nyob ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau tsim, qhov ntsuas tam sim no, thiab kev teeb tsa hlua.
3) SPD (Surge Protection Device) lossis Voltage Surge Arrestor
Cov SPDs tiv thaiv cov khoom siv los ntawm kev nce hluav taws xob ib ntus uas tshwm sim los ntawm xob laim tsis ncaj qha, kev hloov pauv loj, lossis kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub grid. Kev nce hluav taws xob tuaj yeem ua rau cov inverters, MPPTs, cov kab ke saib xyuas, thiab cov khoom siv sib txuas lus puas tsuaj. Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci (PLTS), SPDs feem ntau raug ntsia rau ntawm:
- Sab DC: ze ntawm lub thawv combiner lossis lub inverter input (SPD DC).
– Sab AC: ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag faib tawm ntawm lub inverter (SPD AC).
- Txoj kev sib txuas lus: ethernet/RS485 yog tias muaj cov khoom siv saib xyuas tsis muaj zog.
Kev xaiv SPD yuav tsum xav txog chav kawm (Hom 1/Hom 2), qhov hluav taws xob ntawm lub cev, thiab lub peev xwm tam sim no. Rau cov chaw uas muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm xob laim lossis cov tsev uas muaj cov kab ke tiv thaiv xob laim, kev sib koom tes ntawm SPD thiab lub kaw lus hauv av yog qhov tseem ceeb heev.
4) RCD/ELCB/RCCB (Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Xaim Hluav Taws Xob Tam Sim No)
Ib lub RCD (Residual Current Device) lossis ELCB/RCCB ntes tau qhov hluav taws xob xau rau hauv av, uas tuaj yeem ua rau hluav taws xob poob siab lossis hluav taws kub. Hauv cov kab ke AC, RCDs feem ntau siv los tiv thaiv tib neeg los ntawm kev sib cuag tsis ncaj qha. Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci, lawv daim ntawv thov yuav tsum xav txog hom inverter (transformerless lossis transformerless) thiab qhov ua tau ntawm DC xau cov khoom uas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau RCD kev ua haujlwm.
Hauv qee lub tshuab, ib hom RCD tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, hom A lossis hom B) raug siv raws li cov lus qhia ntawm lub tuam txhab tsim khoom inverter thiab cov qauv kev teeb tsa. Qhov no ua kom RCD tsis ua haujlwm tsis raug tab sis tseem ua haujlwm tau zoo yog tias muaj qhov hluav taws xob txaus ntshai xau.
5) DC Isolator (DC Disconnect Switch)
Lub DC isolator yog lub qhov hloov uas tso cai rau cov kws kho tshuab kom txiav qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci thiab lub inverter kom muaj kev nyab xeeb. Qhov no tseem ceeb heev thaum lub sijhawm kho inverter, hloov cov khoom, lossis tshuaj xyuas. Vim tias sab PV yuav txuas ntxiv tsim hluav taws xob thaum raug lub teeb, kev txiav tawm kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj daim ntawv lo kom meej meej tiv thaiv kev pheej hmoo ntawm hluav taws xob poob siab thiab DC arcing.
Cov DC isolators yuav tsum muaj qhov voltage thiab current ratings tsim nyog thiab tsim tshwj xeeb rau DC los tua qhov arc. Lawv feem ntau nyob ze ntawm lub inverter, thiab hauv qee qhov qauv tsim, lawv kuj nyob hauv lub thawv combiner.
6) Kev Tiv Thaiv Roj Teeb: BMS, Fuses, thiab Circuit Breakers
Hauv cov tshuab siv roj teeb (off-grid lossis hybrid), kev tiv thaiv roj teeb yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias cov roj teeb khaws cia ntau lub zog thiab tuaj yeem tso tawm cov hluav taws xob siab heev thaum lub sijhawm luv luv. Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv feem ntau suav nrog:
- BMS (Lub Tshuab Tswj Xyuas Roj Teeb): saib xyuas qhov hluav taws xob ntawm txhua lub cell, qhov kub thiab txias, qhov them/tawm tam sim no, thiab txiav tawm yog tias cov kev teeb tsa tshaj qhov txwv kev nyab xeeb.
– Fuse lossis DC circuit breaker ntawm txoj kab roj teeb: tiv thaiv cov cables thiab cov khoom siv los ntawm cov hluav taws xob luv luv.
– Tus neeg tiv tauj lossis tus relay: tso cai rau kev txiav tawm tsis siv neeg hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo.
Qhov kev tiv thaiv no pab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob kub dhau, ua rau lub cell puas tsuaj, thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev kub hnyiab hauv qee hom roj teeb.
7) Kev Sib Txuas Lus (Grounding/Earthing) thiab Kev Sib Txuas Lus
Kev siv av tsis yog hais txog "kev ntsaws ib txoj hlua rau hauv av xwb," tab sis yog ib lub kaw lus tsim los kom muaj kev nyab xeeb rau kev xa cov teeb meem thiab cov hluav taws xob nce siab, txo cov hluav taws xob sib cuag, thiab ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm SPDs thiab kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob xau. Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci, kev siv av suav nrog:
- Kev sib txuas ntawm lub thav duab module thiab cov qauv mounting
- Kev sib txuas ntawm lub inverter thiab lub vaj huam sib luag hluav taws xob
- Kev sib txuas ntawm cov khoom hlau kom tiv thaiv kev sib txawv
Kev tsim cov av yog cuam tshuam los ntawm hom system (grid-tie, hybrid), hom inverter, thiab cov qauv hauv zos. Kev av tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau SPD tsis ua haujlwm zoo thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj thaum muaj hluav taws xob ntau dhau.
8) Kev Tiv Thaiv Kub thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Cable
Ntxiv rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub tshuab thiab cua sov kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Cov xov hluav taws xob DC raug tshav ntuj, cov khoom sib txuas xoob, lossis cov xov hluav taws xob tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov kub hnyiab, ua rau cov khoom rwb thaiv tsev puas tsuaj, thiab hluav taws kub. Yog li ntawd, qee qhov kev tiv thaiv tseem ceeb suav nrog:
- Xaiv cov cables PV nrog UV thiab kub siab tiv taus rwb thaiv tsev
- Siv cov kav dej lossis cov tiv thaiv cable hauv cov chaw tsis muaj zog
- Npaj cov xov hlau kom lawv tsis txhob raug ntswj, tsis txhob lo rau ntawm cov npoo ntse, thiab kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab.
- Xyuas kom lub qhov (connector) MC4 (lossis lwm yam zoo sib xws) sib xws thiab teeb tsa raws li lub zog torque.
Txawm hais tias nws yuav zoo li yooj yim los xij, qhov kev coj ua no feem ntau yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyab xeeb mus sij hawm ntev.
Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Tiv Thaiv Zoo
Feem ntau, kev tiv thaiv raug muab tso ze li ze tau rau qhov chaw ua txhaum lossis qhov chaw muaj zog: cov hlua fuses ze ntawm lub combiner, SPDs ze ntawm lub inverter/panel, cov roj teeb breakers ze ntawm lub roj teeb, thiab cov isolators ntawm cov chaw yooj yim nkag mus tau thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib koom tes ntawm cov khoom siv yog qhov tseem ceeb: qhov ntsuas ntawm MCB, fuses, thiab cov cables yuav tsum tau sib phim kom lub cuab yeej ze tshaj plaws rau qhov txhaum mus ncig, es tsis txhob kaw tag nrho lub kaw lus.
Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj kuj yog ib feem ntawm kev tiv thaiv: cov ntawv lo, cov duab kos ib kab, thiab cov txheej txheem kaw thaum muaj xwm txheej ceev pab cov kws kho tshuab thiab cov neeg siv ua haujlwm sai thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Kev kaw
Cov khoom siv tiv thaiv rau lub zog hnub ci yog kev nqis peev uas txiav txim siab qhov kev nyab xeeb, kev ntseeg siab, thiab lub neej ntev ntawm cov khoom siv. Fuses, MCBs/MCCBs, SPDs, RCDs, DC isolators, kev tiv thaiv roj teeb ntawm BMS, thiab kev sib txuas hauv av kom zoo yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum tau npaj txij thaum pib ntawm kev tsim qauv. Nrog kev tiv thaiv kom zoo thiab kev teeb tsa tus qauv, lub zog hnub ci tsis yog tsuas yog tsim lub zog huv xwb tab sis kuj ua haujlwm kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg kawg nkaus rau lub sijhawm ntev.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no mus rau hauv ib qho version uas muaj kev txawj ntse ntau dua (nrog rau cov piv txwv ntawm cov phiaj xwm tiv thaiv thiab cov lus qhia dav dav txog kev ntsuas) lossis ib qho version yooj yim dua rau cov neeg nyeem ntawv.
