Yuav ua li cas Inverters Ua Haujlwm Nrog Cov Vaj Huam Sib Luag Hnub Ci
Hauv lub tshuab fais fab hnub ci (PLTS), cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci feem ntau raug suav hais tias yog "lub hnub qub" vim tias lawv ntes lub zog los ntawm lub hnub ci thiab hloov nws mus ua hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib qho khoom uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ib yam: lub inverter. Yog tsis muaj lub inverter, hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem siv ncaj qha rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev lossis faib rau lub zog hluav taws xob. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog yuav ua li cas cov inverters ua haujlwm nrog cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci, lawv cov hom, thiab vim li cas lawv xaiv tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm lub kaw lus.
1. Kev Txuas Vaj Huam Sib Luag Hnub Ci thiab Inverter: DC rau AC
Cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci tsim hluav taws xob ua hom hluav taws xob ncaj qha (DC). Lub caij no, feem ntau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv tsev, chaw ua haujlwm, thiab kev lag luam siv hluav taws xob hloov pauv (AC), thiab PLN grid kuj muab hluav taws xob ua hom AC. Qhov no yog qhov uas lub inverter los hauv: hloov hluav taws xob DC los ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci mus ua hluav taws xob AC siv tau.
Txawm li cas los xij, lub inverter niaj hnub no tsis yog tsuas yog "lub converter tam sim no." Nws kuj ua haujlwm ua lub chaw tswj hwm lub kaw lus, saib xyuas kev tsim hluav taws xob, tswj kev nyab xeeb, ua kom zoo dua cov chaw ua haujlwm ntawm vaj huam sib luag, thiab xyuas kom meej tias lub zog zoo rau lub nra.
2. Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Lub Tshuab Hluav Taws Xob Hnub Ci nrog lub Inverter
Yuav kom nkag siab txog seb lub inverter ua haujlwm li cas, xav txog cov zog ntws hauv qab no:
1. Lub hnub ci ntsa iab rau lub vaj huam sib luag hnub ci.
2. Lub vaj huam sib luag tsim tawm DC voltage thiab tam sim no.
3. Cov hluav taws xob DC ntws los ntawm cov xov hluav taws xob DC (feem ntau muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv xws li fuses, DC MCBs, thiab SPDs).
4. Lub inverter tau txais DC, ces ua tiav nws:
- tswj qhov voltage,
- Optimize fais fab (MPPT),
- hloov DC mus rau AC.
5. Qhov tshwm sim yog AC 220V/230V 50Hz (feem ntau hauv Indonesia) uas tuaj yeem:
- siv ncaj qha los ntawm cov khoom thauj hauv tsev,
- khaws cia rau hauv roj teeb (ntawm qee lub tshuab),
- xa tawm mus rau lub grid (ntawm cov kab ke on-grid).
Hauv lwm lo lus, lub inverter yog "choj" rau lub zog hnub ci kom nkag mus rau hauv lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas siv ntau.
3. Cov Txheej Txheem Tseem Ceeb hauv Inverter
a) MPPT: Nrhiav Qhov Chaw Fais Fab Siab Tshaj Plaws
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov inverters niaj hnub no yog Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). Cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci muaj cov yam ntxwv voltage thiab tam sim no uas sib txawv nyob ntawm:
- lub zog ntawm lub teeb,
- qhov kub ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag,
- ntxoov ntxoo,
– tej yam kev mob ntawm lub system load.
Yog tias cov vaj huam sib luag raug yuam kom ua haujlwm ntawm qhov tsis zoo tagnrho, lawv cov zis hluav taws xob tuaj yeem poob qis heev. MPPTs ua haujlwm los ntawm kev "nrhiav" tas li rau qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm voltage thiab tam sim no uas tsim cov zog siab tshaj plaws (P = V × I). Yog li ntawd, lub kaw lus tuaj yeem sau cov zog siab tshaj plaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum huab cua hloov pauv.
b) Kev Hloov DC mus rau AC nrog Kev Hloov Hluav Taws Xob
Tom qab MPPT, lub inverter ua qhov kev hloov pauv siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob ceev ceev. Hais yooj yim, lub inverter:
- txiav (hloov) DC tam sim no hauv ib qho qauv,
- tsim ib nthwv dej uas zoo li nthwv dej sine,
- tom qab ntawd lim nws kom qhov tshwm sim yog nthwv dej AC ntshiab sine lossis ze rau sine ntshiab.
Qhov zoo ntawm lub zog fais fab AC yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Lub zog tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv kub dhau, ua suab nrov, lossis ua tsis tiav ua ntej lub sijhawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom siv rhiab heev xws li cov cav, cov tub yees inverter, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
c) Kev Sib Txuas Lus nrog Lub Network (Rau On-Grid)
Hauv cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob hnub ci uas muaj hluav taws xob ntau, lub inverter yuav tsum sib phim nrog lub PLN grid. Qhov no txhais tau tias lub inverter yuav tsum kho:
- lub zog,
– zaus (50 Hz),
- theem nthwv dej.
Yog tias lawv tsis sib xws, hluav taws xob yuav tsis tuaj yeem faib tau zoo thiab tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau lub grid. Cov inverters on-grid feem ntau kuj muaj qhov tshwj xeeb tiv thaiv kev tawg, uas yog lub peev xwm tam sim ntawd tsis txhob muab hluav taws xob thaum lub grid PLN tawm mus. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab tiv thaiv hluav taws xob kom tsis txhob "rov qab ntws" mus rau hauv lub grid uas tab tom kho.
4. Hom Inverters hauv Solar Panel Systems
a) Cov hlua hloov pauv
Qhov no yog hom uas siv ntau tshaj plaws rau cov tsev thiab cov tsev lag luam me mus rau nruab nrab. Cov vaj huam sib luag tau teeb tsa ua ib txoj hlua (series), thiab cov zis DC los ntawm txoj hlua raug pub rau hauv ib lub inverter.
Tshaj:
– tus nqi pheej yig dua,
- kev teeb tsa thiab kev saib xyuas yooj yim heev.
Tsis Muaj:
- yog tias ib lub vaj huam sib luag raug thaiv los ntawm ib qho duab ntxoov ntxoo, qhov ua tau zoo ntawm ib txoj hlua kuj tseem tuaj yeem txo qis.
b) Microinverter
Cov microinverters raug teeb tsa rau ib lub vaj huam sib luag (lossis rau ob lub vaj huam sib luag). Txhua lub vaj huam sib luag muaj nws tus kheej inverter.
Tshaj:
- zoo dua rau cov xwm txheej ntxoov ntxoo ib nrab,
- kev saib xyuas ib lub vaj huam sib luag,
- yooj yim rau kev tsim kho (ntxiv ntau lub vaj huam sib luag hloov pauv tau).
Tsis Muaj:
- cov nqi siab dua,
- ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob ntawm lub ru tsev.
c) Lub Tshuab Ua Kom Zoo Dua + String Inverter
Qhov no yog kev sib xyaw ua ke: txhua lub vaj huam sib luag tau teeb tsa nrog lub tshuab ua kom zoo dua rau MPPT ib lub vaj huam sib luag, tom qab ntawd tseem siv lub inverter hlua rau kev hloov pauv AC.
Tshaj:
- kev ua tau zoo hauv kev ntxoov ntxoo,
- tus nqi feem ntau yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov hlua inverters thiab microinverters.
Tsis Muaj:
- qhov nyuaj ntawm lub kaw lus nce ntxiv.
d) Hybrid Inverter (Nrog roj teeb)
Cov inverters sib xyaw tuaj yeem tswj cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci, roj teeb, thiab hluav taws xob PLN tib lub sijhawm.
Tshaj:
- tuaj yeem khaws lub zog hauv cov roj teeb,
- tuaj yeem muab hluav taws xob thaub qab thaum PLN tawm mus (nyob ntawm tus qauv tsim).
Tsis Muaj:
- cov nqi siab dua,
- xav tau kev tsim roj teeb kom zoo.
5. Lub Inverter Sib Txuas Lus Nrog Lub Roj Teeb Li Cas (Hauv Off-Grid/Hybrid Systems)
Hauv cov tshuab hluav taws xob uas tsis siv hluav taws xob los yog cov tshuab sib xyaw ua ke, lub inverter feem ntau ua haujlwm ua ke nrog kev tswj hwm lub roj teeb (sib xyaw ua ke los yog sib cais ua lub tshuab tswj hwm lub hnub ci). Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub inverter hauv cov tshuab no suav nrog:
- tswj lub roj teeb kom tsis txhob overcharge,
– hloov lub zog los ntawm lub roj teeb (DC) mus rau AC thaum hmo ntuj,
- xaiv lub zog fais fab: los ntawm lub vaj huam sib luag, roj teeb, lossis PLN/generator nyob ntawm seb muaj xwm txheej dab tsi.
Hauv hom thaub qab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob hybrid kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab qhov tseem ceeb rau cov khoom siv xws li teeb, internet, twj dej me me, lossis lub tub yees, yog li lub tsev tseem ua haujlwm txawm tias lub zog PLN raug txiav tawm los xij.
6. Cov Yam Uas Txheeb Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm ntawm Inverter
Yuav kom lub inverter ua haujlwm tau zoo tshaj plaws nrog cov hnub ci vaj huam sib luag, muaj ntau yam tseem ceeb:
1. Peev Xwm (kW)
Nws yuav tsum phim tag nrho lub zog vaj huam sib luag thiab qhov yuav tsum tau thauj khoom. Me dhau tuaj yeem "puv" sai sai (txiav), thaum loj dhau tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm qhov thauj khoom tsawg.
2. MPPT voltage ntau yam
Yuav tsum phim cov qauv series/parallel ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag. Yog tias qhov hluav taws xob ntawm cov hlua nyob sab nraud ntawm qhov ntau, lub inverter yuav tsis ua haujlwm zoo lossis tej zaum yuav tsis txawm pib.
3. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub inverter
Feem ntau yog 96–99% ntawm cov inverters niaj hnub no. Qhov sib txawv me me no yuav zoo li tsis tseem ceeb, tab sis nws muaj feem cuam tshuam loj rau kev siv hluav taws xob txhua xyoo.
4. Tus naj npawb ntawm MPPT
Ib lub inverter nrog ob lub MPPTs yog qhov tsim nyog rau cov ru tsev nrog ob qho kev taw qhia (piv txwv li sab hnub tuaj-sab hnub poob) lossis ob pawg ntawm cov vaj huam sib luag nrog cov xwm txheej sib txawv.
5. Kev tiv thaiv zoo thiab daim ntawv pov thawj
Kev tiv thaiv kev tawg hluav taws xob, kev tiv thaiv hluav taws xob ntau dhau/qis dhau, kev tiv thaiv tam sim no ntau dhau, thiab daim ntawv pov thawj kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab ke hauv network.
7. Txoj kev
Cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci hloov lub teeb mus ua hluav taws xob DC, tab sis nws yog lub inverter uas "txhais" lub zog ntawd mus ua hluav taws xob AC uas tuaj yeem siv txhua hnub lossis pub rau hauv lub grid. Ntxiv nrog rau kev hloov DC-rau-AC, lub inverter kuj tseem ua kom lub zog zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm MPPT, tswj kev sib dhos nrog lub grid, tswj lub roj teeb (hauv cov kab ke hybrid / off-grid), thiab muab cov yam ntxwv kev nyab xeeb tseem ceeb.
Yog li ntawd, kev xaiv lub inverter tsis yog tsuas yog xaiv lub hom lossis lub peev xwm xwb, tab sis kuj yog txog kev ua kom sib haum nrog cov qauv vaj huam sib luag, cov xwm txheej ntawm qhov chaw (ntxoov ntxoo, kev teeb tsa ntawm lub ru tsev), kev xav tau hluav taws xob, thiab cov phiaj xwm nthuav dav yav tom ntej. Lub kaw lus vaj huam sib luag hnub ci zoo yuav luag txhua zaus tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm lub inverter zoo - ua haujlwm tau zoo, muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab tsim raws li qhov tsim nyog.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem pab koj tsim ib qho version ntawm tsab xov xwm (nrog rau cov piv txwv ntawm kev suav cov hlua vaj huam sib luag thiab MPPT ntau yam) lossis ib qho version yooj yim dua rau kev kawm dav dav.
