Kev Tsim Khoom Siv Ntses Gelatin
Gelatin yog ib yam khoom siv biopolymer ntuj uas siv dav hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, tshuaj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab kev lag luam thaij duab. Qhov chaw feem ntau ntawm gelatin yog daim tawv nqaij thiab pob txha ntawm nyuj thiab npua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txhawj xeeb ntxiv txog kev lees paub halal, kev nyab xeeb zaub mov, qee yam kab mob tsiaj, thiab kev siv cov khib nyiab ntses tau ua rau muaj kev tsim cov ntses gelatin ua lwm txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb. Ntses gelatin yog tsim los ntawm collagen pom hauv ntses daim tawv nqaij, pob txha, nplai, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg sib txuas. Nrog rau cov thev naus laus zis tsim khoom zoo, ntses gelatin tuaj yeem muaj cov yam ntxwv sib tw thaum txhawb nqa cov ntsiab cai kev ruaj khov los ntawm kev siv cov khoom lag luam ntses.
Cov Khoom Siv Raw thiab Lawv Lub Peev Xwm
Feem ntau cov gelatin ntses yog ua los ntawm cov khib nyiab ua ntses, xws li daim tawv nqaij, pob txha, nplai, thiab taub hau. Daim tawv nqaij ntses feem ntau yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws vim nws muaj cov collagen ntau thiab yooj yim ua piv rau pob txha. Cov ntses uas feem ntau kawm suav nrog tilapia, pangasius, catfish, tuna, salmon, thiab ntau lwm yam ntses hauv dej hiav txwv. Kev xaiv cov ntses cuam tshuam rau qhov zoo ntawm gelatin, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov amino acid sib xyaw (piv txwv li, proline thiab hydroxyproline), uas ua rau gel muaj zog.
Ntxiv rau hom ntses, qhov xwm txheej ntawm cov khoom siv raw kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cov khoom siv raw tshiab lossis cov uas txias sai tom qab ua tiav yuav txo qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov protein vim yog cov enzyme thiab cov kab mob me me. Vim tias cov khoom siv raw yog los ntawm cov khib nyiab, kev tswj cov saw hlau txias thiab kev tu cev yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov gelatin zoo thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb.
Cov Ntsiab Cai Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Tsim Khoom Gelatin
Feem ntau, gelatin yog tsim los ntawm kev denaturation ib nrab ntawm collagen. Collagen, uas thawj zaug muaj cov qauv triple helix, hloov pauv mus rau hauv cov saw polypeptide yooj yim dua, ua rau nws yaj hauv dej kub thiab muaj peev xwm tsim cov gel thaum txias. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog kev npaj cov khoom siv, kev kho ua ntej, kev rho tawm, kev ntxuav, kev ziab, thiab kev ntim khoom.
Hauv kev lag luam, ob hom gelatin tseem ceeb raug lees paub raws li kev kho ua ntej: hom A gelatin (kho nrog kua qaub) thiab hom B gelatin (kho nrog cov hauv paus). Rau cov ntses gelatin, kev kho nrog kua qaub feem ntau siv vim tias cov nqaij ntses yooj yim lwj thiab lub sijhawm ua tiav tuaj yeem luv dua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kua qaub thiab cov hauv paus lossis kev siv cov enzymes kuj tseem tab tom tsim los txhim kho cov qoob loo thiab zoo.
Cov Theem ntawm Kev Tsim Khoom Siv Ntses Gelatin
1. Kev Npaj thiab Ntxuav
Cov khoom siv raw (xws li daim tawv ntses) raug ntxuav kom tshem tawm cov ntshav, rog, cov nqaij seem, thiab av qias neeg. Kev ntxuav tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv dej txias khiav, qee zaum nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kua ntsev dilute. Lub hom phiaj yog kom txo cov kab mob me me thiab txo cov ntxhiab ntses. Kuj tseem muaj kev txiav me me ntawm theem no kom ua rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg thiab kev rho tawm zoo dua.
2. Tshem Tawm Rog (Tshem Tawm Rog)
Cov rog muaj peev xwm ua rau cov khoom lwj thiab txo qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov khoom. Kev tshem cov rog tawm tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem lub cev (ua kom sov me ntsis thiab sib cais) lossis siv cov tshuaj yaj tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom noj. Hauv ntau cov txheej txheem gelatin ntses, kev tshem cov rog tawm raug khaws cia kom tsawg kawg nkaus rau kev nyab xeeb thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo, tab sis nws tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov ntses uas muaj roj ntau.
3. Kev kho ua ntej: Kev tshem tawm cov pob txha thiab kev o ntawm cov collagen
Kev kho ua ntej lub hom phiaj yog qhib cov qauv collagen kom ua rau kev rho tawm gelatin yooj yim dua.
– Kev tshem cov hlau tawm: Yog tias cov khoom siv raw yog pob txha lossis cov nplai, nws yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov kua qaub (piv txwv li, HCl uas muaj cov kua qaub tsawg) kom yaj cov zaub mov xws li calcium phosphate. Theem no tsim cov ossein (ib qho collagen matrix uas tau poob nws cov zaub mov).
– Kev kho mob kua qaub: Cov tawv ntses feem ntau raug muab ntub rau hauv cov organic acids (piv txwv li acetic acid lossis citric acid) los pab cov nqaij o thiab rhuav tshem qee cov kev sib txuas hauv collagen.
– Kev kho mob alkaline: Qee zaum, cov kua alkaline (piv txwv li, dilute NaOH) yog siv los tshem tawm cov protein thiab cov xim uas tsis yog collagenous. Txawm li cas los xij, kev kho mob alkaline muaj zog dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov saw hlau collagen puas tsuaj, yog li txo qhov muaj zog ntawm gel.
Kev ua kom qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj, qhov sib piv ntawm cov khoom xyaw thiab cov tshuaj, qhov kub thiab txias, thiab lub sijhawm uas nws tsau dej yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Kev kho ua ntej uas ntev dhau yuav ua rau cov gelatin qhov hnyav molecular tsawg dua, thaum kev kho ua ntej uas luv dhau yuav ua rau tsis tau qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev rho tawm.
4. Kev rho tawm gelatin
Feem ntau kev rho tawm yog ua nrog dej ntawm qhov kub thiab txias uas tswj tau. Rau cov ntses gelatin, kev rho tawm tuaj yeem ua tiav ua ntu zus (kev rho tawm ntau theem) ntawm qhov kub thiab txias nce ntxiv, piv txwv li pib ntawm 40–50 ° C thiab tom qab ntawd nce mus txog 60–70 ° C. Kev rho tawm ntau theem pab kom tau txais cov gelatin zoo dua hauv cov theem pib (feem ntau yog viscosity thiab gel muaj zog dua) thiab ua rau cov qoob loo ntau dua hauv cov theem tom ntej.
Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb ntawm kev rho tawm suav nrog:
– Kub: Qhov kub siab dua, qhov ntau ntawm cov qoob loo yuav nce ntxiv tab sis qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov protein kuj nce ntxiv.
- Lub Sijhawm: Lub sijhawm rho tawm ntev dhau tuaj yeem txo qhov zoo vim yog hydrolysis ntau dhau.
- pH: pH cuam tshuam rau qhov solubility thiab stability ntawm gelatin.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev rho tawm yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua gelatin (gelatin liquor) uas tseem muaj cov khoom me me, cov zaub mov seem, thiab cov khoom sib xyaw uas ua rau muaj ntxhiab tsw.
5. Kev lim thiab kev piav qhia meej
Cov kua gelatin raug lim kom tshem tawm cov khoom seem khov. Kev ua kom pom tseeb tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev lim ntau theem, lub tshuab lim, lossis lub microfiltration membrane. Qee cov txheej txheem kuj siv cov pa roj carbon activated los txo cov xim thiab tsw, tab sis qhov no yuav tsum tau tswj hwm vim nws tuaj yeem txo cov txiaj ntsig thiab khi cov protein.
6. Kev Ntsuas
Cov kua gelatin uas tau diluted yuav tsum tau concentrated ua ntej ziab. Kev concentration tuaj yeem ua tiav los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab nqus tsev kom tswj tau qhov kub thiab txias tsis siab dhau thiab tswj tau qhov zoo ntawm cov protein. Lub hom phiaj concentration feem ntau yog txiav txim siab raws li kev ua haujlwm ziab thiab cov lus qhia kawg ntawm cov khoom.
7. Kev Ua Kom Sterilization thiab Kev Ziab
Cov kua gelatin tuaj yeem raug pasteurized kom txo cov kab mob me me. Tom qab ntawd, lawv raug ziab ua daim ntawv, granules, lossis hmoov. Cov txheej txheem ziab feem ntau suav nrog:
– Siv lub tais/qhov cub kom qhuav ntawm qhov kub qis-nruab nrab,
- Lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws,
- Tsuag kom qhuav kom ua tau cov hmoov me me sai (kim dua thiab xav tau kev tswj hwm nruj).
Cov gelatin qhuav ces raug zom thiab sieve kom standardize qhov loj ntawm cov khoom me me.
8. Ntim Khoom thiab Khaws Cia
Cov ntim khoom yuav tsum tsis txhob ntub dej vim tias gelatin yooj yim nqus dej (nqus dej tau yooj yim). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog khaws cia rau hauv qhov chaw qhuav thiab txias kom tiv thaiv kev sib sau ua ke, kev hloov pauv viscosity, thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me.
Cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm ntses gelatin
Feem ntau, qhov zoo ntawm cov gelatin raug soj ntsuam los ntawm kev siv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab cov kab mob me me. Qee qhov tseem ceeb yog:
- Lub zog ntawm cov gel (Tus nqi tawg paj): qhia txog lub peev xwm los tsim cov gel. Cov ntses gelatin feem ntau muaj Bloom qis dua li cov tsiaj txhu gelatin, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov ntses sov, vim nws cov amino acid tshwj xeeb.
- Viscosity: cuam tshuam nrog qhov ntev ntawm cov protein saw thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv kev siv zaub mov.
- Qhov kub thiab qhov kub ntawm cov kua ntses: cov kua ntses gelatin feem ntau muaj qhov kub qis dua, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau cov khoom uas xav kom yaj sai hauv qhov ncauj, tab sis tsis ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub thiab txias hauv chav tsev.
– Cov dej thiab cov tshauv uas muaj: tshauv ntau tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshem tawm cov minerals tsis zoo; cov dej ntau dhau ua rau cov av puas sai dua.
– Xim thiab tsw qab: ib qho teeb meem uas feem ntau ntsib nrog cov ntses gelatin yog cov tsw qab ntses uas yuav tsum tau tshem tawm los ntawm cov khoom siv tshiab, tshem cov rog, thiab ntxuav.
Kev Tsim Kho Tshiab thiab Kev Sib Tw ntawm Kev Siv Tshuab
Kev tsim cov ntses gelatin ntsib ntau yam teeb meem, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog qhov zoo sib xws. Kev sib txawv ntawm cov hom ntses, lub caij, pub zaub mov, hnub nyoog, thiab cov txheej txheem tswj cov khib nyiab txhua yam ua rau muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov yam ntxwv collagen. Ntxiv mus, cov ntses gelatin yooj yim rau cov ntxhiab tsw thiab muaj qhov kub qis dua.
Yuav kom kov yeej qhov no, ntau yam kev tsim kho tshiab tau tsim:
1. Kev rho tawm Enzymatic: kev siv cov enzymes protease tswj tau tuaj yeem ua rau cov qoob loo ntau ntxiv, tab sis yuav tsum ceev faj kom tsis txhob tsim cov gelatin uas muaj qhov hnyav molecular qis dhau.
2. Kev siv tshuab membrane (ultrafiltration): pab ua kom huv thiab faib cov protein raws li qhov loj ntawm cov molecule.
3. Kev tshem ntxhiab tsw thiab cov khoom nqus: siv cov pa roj carbon lossis qee cov resins los txo cov tshuaj ua rau muaj ntxhiab tsw.
4. Kev sib xyaw: cov ntses gelatin tuaj yeem sib xyaw nrog polysaccharides (piv txwv li carrageenan lossis pectin) los txhim kho cov qauv thiab kev ruaj khov.
Cov Ntawv Thov Ntses Gelatin
Cov gelatin ntses muaj peev xwm dav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov khoom uas xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj halal thiab cov khoom tsis yog los ntawm tsiaj txhu. Hauv cov khoom noj, cov gelatin ntses siv rau hauv cov khoom qab zib jelly, marshmallows, khoom qab zib, cov tshuaj ntsiav mos, cov khoom noj mis nyuj, thiab ua cov khoom ruaj khov lossis cov khoom ua zaj duab xis noj tau. Hauv cov tshuaj thiab cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, cov gelatin ntses muaj peev xwm siv rau hauv cov tshuaj ntsiav, cov ntaub npog ntsej muag, thiab ua tus nqa khoom hauv cov txheej txheem xa khoom xyaw.
Kev kaw
Kev siv tshuab ua cov ntses gelatin yog ib qho kev siv zog los siv cov khib nyiab ntses ua cov khoom muaj nqis thaum daws qhov kev thov ntawm kev ua lag luam rau halal, muaj kev nyab xeeb, thiab ruaj khov gelatin. Cov txheej txheem, los ntawm kev xaiv cov khoom siv raw thiab kev kho ua ntej, kev rho tawm, mus rau kev ntxuav thiab ziab, yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo tshaj plaws los tsim cov gelatin nrog cov txiaj ntsig siab thiab zoo ua haujlwm. Nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab xws li kev rho tawm ntau theem, thev naus laus zis membrane, thiab kev tswj tsw qab, ntses gelatin muaj peev xwm los ua cov khoom siv raw tseem ceeb rau ntau yam lag luam yav tom ntej, thaum nce tus nqi ntxiv ntawm kev lag luam ntses.
