Cov Yam Cuam Tshuam Rau Cov Khoom Siv Kho Tshuab ntawm Cov Hlau Sib Xyaws
Cov hlau sib xyaw yog kev sib xyaw ntawm ob lossis ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg, ib qho yog hlau. Cov hlau sib xyaw yog siv dav hauv ntau yam lag luam, suav nrog kev thauj mus los, kev tsim kho, khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab ntau ntxiv, vim lawv cov khoom siv kho tshuab zoo dua li cov hlau ntshiab. Cov khoom siv kho tshuab no, xws li lub zog, qhov nyuaj, kev tawv, thiab kev ywj pheej, txiav txim siab qhov ua tau zoo thiab kev siv ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tham txog cov yam tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw, suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, microstructure, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thiab cov txheej txheem ua kom muaj zog.
1. Cov Tshuaj Lom Zem
Cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab txog cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Cov hlau sib xyaw tuaj yeem muaj ob lossis ntau yam khoom, xws li cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke nrog silicon lossis magnesium, lossis cov hlau sib xyaw uas muaj carbon, chromium, lossis vanadium nplua nuj. Kev hloov me me hauv cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg tuaj yeem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw.
Piv txwv ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Aluminium
Cov hlau txhuas feem ntau muaj lwm yam khoom xws li tooj liab, magnesium, manganese, silicon, thiab zinc ntxiv rau kom muaj zog ntxiv. Piv txwv li, txhuas-7075 uas muaj zinc sib xyaw (txog li 6.1% zinc los ntawm qhov hnyav) muaj lub zog tensile siab heev thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv kev lag luam aerospace.
Piv txwv hlau
Hlau, ib qho hlau sib xyaw ua ke ntawm hlau thiab carbon, muaj ntau yam khoom siv kho tshuab nyob ntawm nws cov pa roj carbon thiab lwm yam khoom ntxiv xws li chromium, nickel, thiab molybdenum. Chromium ua rau kom tawv thiab tiv taus xeb, thaum nickel ua rau kom cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke muaj zog.
2. Cov qauv me me
Qhov microstructure ntawm ib qho alloy kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Qhov microstructure no suav nrog qhov loj ntawm cov noob, cov theem, thiab cov precipitates uas muaj nyob hauv cov alloy.
Qhov Loj ntawm Cov Nplej
Qhov loj ntawm cov noob hlau cuam tshuam rau lub zog thiab kev tawv ntawm cov khoom siv. Feem ntau, qhov me dua ntawm cov noob hlau ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw, qhov siab dua nws lub zog raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm Hall-Petch. Piv txwv li, cov hlau sib xyaw nrog cov noob hlau me dua feem ntau muaj lub zog tensile thiab lub zog yield siab dua li cov hlau sib xyaw nrog cov noob hlau loj dua.
Cov Theem thiab Cov Nag Los
Ntxiv rau qhov loj ntawm cov noob, hom thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov theem thiab cov nag lossis daus hauv cov hlau sib xyaw kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Qee cov hlau tsim cov theem ib ntus thaum txias, uas tuaj yeem ua kom cov hlau sib xyaw muaj zog. Piv txwv li, hauv cov hlau carbon, martensite yog ib theem nyuaj heev uas tsim los ntawm austenite thaum txias sai.
3. Txheej Txheem Tsim Khoom
Txoj kev tsim khoom siv los tsim cov hlau sib xyaw kuj muaj feem cuam tshuam loj rau nws cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Qee cov txheej txheem tsim khoom tseem ceeb uas cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw suav nrog kev ua haujlwm kub, kev ua haujlwm txias, kev kho cua sov, thiab kev casting.
Ua Haujlwm Kub
Kev ua haujlwm kub yog kev ua kom hlau kub heev thiab tom qab ntawd ua rau nws puas. Cov txheej txheem no tuaj yeem txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev hloov kho nws cov qauv me me. Piv txwv li, kev ua haujlwm kub tuaj yeem txo qhov loj ntawm cov noob, txhim kho cov khoom elastic, thiab ua rau lub zog tensile nce ntxiv.
Ua Haujlwm Txias
Kev ua haujlwm txias, ntawm qhov tod tes, cuam tshuam txog kev hloov pauv cov khoom siv ntawm qhov kub qis dua nws qhov recrystallization point. Kev ua haujlwm txias tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv muaj zog thiab tawv dua los ntawm kev ua kom tawv tawv, tab sis nws kuj tseem tuaj yeem txo nws qhov tawv thiab lub peev xwm los hloov pauv yas.
Kev Kho Mob Kub
Kev kho cua sov xws li kev ua kom tawv, kev ua kom sov, thiab kev ua kom tsis kub tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw. Piv txwv li, kev rov ua kom sov dua tuaj yeem siv los txo qhov tawv thaum pib thaum ua kom cov tawv tawv dua.
4. Lub zog txhawb zog
Muaj ntau txoj kev siv los txhim kho cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw, suav nrog kev txhim kho cov khoom khov kho, kev txhim kho cov khoom me me, kev txhim kho kev nyuaj siab, thiab kev txhim kho cov noob.
Kev Txhim Kho Cov Tshuaj Khov Khov
Kev ua kom cov kua khov khov kho tshwm sim thaum cov atoms ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke yaj hauv cov hlau siv lead ua ke ntawm cov hlau puag, cuam tshuam kev hloov pauv ntawm cov siv lead ua ke. Piv txwv li, hauv cov hlau txhuas-cuprum, cov atoms cuprum cuam tshuam kev txiav txim ntawm cov hlau txhuas thiab ua rau nws lub zog nce ntxiv.
Kev Ua Kom Muaj Zog Rau Cov Khoom Me Me
Kev ua kom cov khoom me me muaj zog yog kev sib cais cov khoom tawv lossis theem thib ob hauv cov hlau matrix. Cov khoom me me no ua haujlwm ua cov teeb meem inertial, ua rau cov hlau muaj zog dua. Piv txwv li, hauv cov hlau tsis xeb, cov khoom me me ntawm chromium carbide (Cr23C6) thiab lwm yam hlau oxides tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog tensile thiab kev tiv thaiv hnav.
Kev Ua Kom Muaj Zog Tensile
Kev ua kom muaj zog tensile yog ua tiav los ntawm kev tsim cov kev tawg ntxiv thaum lub sijhawm yas deformation thiab ua haujlwm txias. Thaum cov hlau raug deformation, cov kev tawg nce thiab sib txuas, yog li ua rau cov hlau muaj zog ntxiv.
Kev Txhawb Nqa Cov Nplej
Kev ua kom cov nplej khov kho yog raws li kev sib raug zoo ntawm Hall-Petch, uas hais tias lub zog ntawm cov hlau alloy yog inversely proportional rau cov hauv paus plaub fab ntawm nws qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov nplej loj. Qhov me dua qhov loj ntawm cov nplej, qhov siab dua lub zog.
Xaus
Cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw yog cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau yam, suav nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw, microstructure, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Kev nkag siab thiab tswj cov yam no tso cai rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nrog cov khoom siv kho tshuab tshwj xeeb rau cov ntawv thov tshwj xeeb. Kev lag luam yuav tsum xav txog txhua yam ntawm cov yam no kom siv tag nrho cov peev xwm ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw hauv ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis siab. Nrog kev paub zoo, kev txhim kho hlau sib xyaw tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv tsav kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo thoob plaws ntau yam kev lag luam.
