Yuav Ua Li Cas Txheeb Xyuas Cov Hom Hlau thiab Cov Khoom Sib Xyaws
Cov hlau yog cov ntaub ntawv uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej txhua hnub thiab kev lag luam. Lawv siv rau ntau yam kev siv, los ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab kev tsim tsheb mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, cov hlau tsis tshua siv rau hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab. Hloov chaw, lawv feem ntau sib xyaw nrog lwm cov hlau lossis cov khoom tsis yog hlau los tsim cov hlau sib xyaw nrog cov khoom zoo dua. Txhawm rau kom ntseeg tau tias siv tau zoo thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo, kev txheeb xyuas cov hom hlau thiab lawv cov hlau sib xyaw yog qhov tseem ceeb. Nov yog phau ntawv qhia txog kev txheeb xyuas ntau hom hlau thiab lawv cov hlau sib xyaw.
1. Kev Soj Ntsuam Pom Kev
Kev saib xyuas yog thawj kauj ruam hauv kev txheeb xyuas cov hlau. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov xim, qhov ci ntsa iab, thiab cov duab tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia thawj zaug rau hom hlau.
– Hlau thiab Hlau: Feem ntau yog xim grey lossis dub thiab hnyav dua. Hlau feem ntau muaj xim hlau ci vim nws qhov chaw ci ntsa iab.
– Txhuas: Xim nyiaj daj ntseg thiab sib dua piv rau lwm cov hlau.
– Tooj Liab: Muaj xim liab tshwj xeeb thiab hloov mus ua xim ntsuab (patina) thaum raug oxidized.
- Tooj Liab: Ib qho sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab thiab tin, xim av mus rau kub.
- Tooj Liab: Ib qho sib xyaw ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc, xim daj zoo li kub.
– Nickel: Xim dawb zoo li nyiaj thiab feem ntau muaj lub teeb ci ntsa iab.
– Titanium: Nws yog xim grey nyiaj, sib dua, tab sis muaj zog heev.
2. Kev Ntsuas Sib Nqus
Siv lub hlau nplaum yog ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los txheeb xyuas cov hlau ferromagnetic.
– Cov Hlau Ferromagnetic: Hlau, nickel, thiab qee hom hlau yuav raug rub rau lub hlau nplaum.
– Cov Hlau Uas Tsis Yog Ferromagnetic: Aluminium, tooj liab, tooj dag, tooj dag, thiab titanium tsis raug rub los ntawm cov hlau nplaum.
3. Kev Ntsuas Qhov Nyuaj
Qhov nyuaj ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau sib xyaw tuaj yeem kuaj tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem yooj yim xws li khawb lossis siv lub cuab yeej ntsuas qhov nyuaj.
– Kev Kuaj Khawm: Siv ib yam cuab yeej tshwj xeeb lossis lwm yam hlau los khawb ib qho chaw hlau. Piv txwv li, cov hlau carbon nyuaj dua li txhuas.
- Kev Ntsuas Rockwell lossis Brinell Hardness: Siv cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb uas muab tus nqi lej ntawm qhov nyuaj raws li qhov indentation tsim los ntawm ib qho kev thauj khoom.
4. Kev Ntsuas Qhov Ceev
Kev xam qhov ceev lossis qhov ntom ntawm ib lub hlau tuaj yeem pab txheeb xyuas nws vim tias txhua lub hlau muaj qhov ceev tshwj xeeb.
– Cov Kauj Ruam:
1. Siv lub nplai ntsuas qhov hnyav ntawm cov hlau.
2. Ntsuas qhov ntim ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev muab nws tso rau hauv dej thiab sau cia qhov hloov pauv ntawm qhov ntim ntawm cov dej.
3. Xam qhov ceev siv cov mis: Ceev = Qhov Hnyav / Ntim.
Piv txwv ntawm qhov ceev:
– Txhuas: Kwv yees li 2.7 g/cm³.
– Hlau/Hlau: Kwv yees li 7.8 g/cm³.
– Tooj liab: Kwv yees li 8.9 g/cm³.
– Titanium: Kwv yees li 4.5 g/cm³.
5. Kev ntsuas qhov muag
Spectroscopy yog ib txoj kev siv tshuab uas siv lub teeb los tshuaj xyuas cov tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov hlau.
– X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): Siv X-rays los txiav txim seb muaj cov ntsiab lus nyob hauv cov hlau.
– Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES): Siv lub teeb pom kev los tshuaj xyuas cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov hlau thiab cov hlau sib xyaw.
6. Kev Ntsuas Tshuaj
Kev siv qee cov tshuaj reagents tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia rau tus kheej ntawm cov hlau.
– Kev Tshwm Sim Rau Cov Acids: Qee cov hlau xws li txhuas thiab hlau teb sai rau cov acids, ua rau muaj roj hydrogen.
- Kev Ntsuas Xim Tshuaj: Piv txwv li, tooj liab hauv cov kua qaub nitric tsim cov xim xiav ci.
7. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Cov Qauv Me Me
Kev soj ntsuam ntawm microstructure nrog lub tshuab microscope metallurgical tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv qhia txog theem thiab cov qauv ntawm cov hlau lossis alloy.
– Kev Soj Ntsuam Txog Cov Ciam Teb: Cov duab thiab qhov loj ntawm cov pob zeb siv lead ua hauv cov hlau tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia txog hom thiab cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ntawm cov hlau lossis cov hlau sib xyaw.
– Cov Khoom Muaj Thiab Cov Khoom Uas Ua Rau Ntshai: Qhov muaj cov khoom me me hauv cov qauv me me tuaj yeem qhia txog hom hlau sib xyaw thiab cov ntsiab lus sib xyaw siv.
8. Kev Ntsuas Kub
Kev ua kom hlau kub txog ib qho kub thiab saib nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv lossis kev hloov pauv ntawm nws cov duab kuj tseem yuav pab txheeb xyuas hom hlau.
– Kev Ntsuas Qhov Kub Yaj: Qhov kub yaj ntawm ib yam hlau tshwj xeeb siv tau los txheeb xyuas nws. Piv txwv li, qhov kub yaj ntawm txhuas yog li ntawm 660 ° C, thaum hlau yaj ntawm li ntawm 1538 ° C.
- Kev Ntsuas Kub thiab Txias: Kev ua kom sov thiab txias tuaj yeem qhia txog kev hloov pauv theem uas yog yam ntxwv rau qee hom hlau.
9. Kev Ntsuas Hluav Taws Xob
Qhov hluav taws xob thiab thermal conductivity ntawm ib lub hlau kuj tseem tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia txog hom hlau.
– Kev Ntsuas Kev Coj Hluav Taws Xob: Ntsuas kev coj hluav taws xob siv cov cuab yeej xws li lub ohmmeter. Cov hlau uas feem ntau siv ua cov coj hluav taws xob vim lawv cov kev coj hluav taws xob siab suav nrog tooj liab, txhuas, thiab nyiaj.
– Kev Ntsuas Kev Ua Kub: Kev ntsuas seb cov hlau ua kom sov zoo npaum li cas kuj tuaj yeem muab cov lus qhia. Tooj liab thiab txhuas muaj kev ua kub zoo heev, uas ua rau lawv siv dav hauv kev siv thermal.
Xaus
Kev txheeb xyuas cov hlau thiab cov khoom sib xyaw yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab kev kho. Cov txheej txheem piav qhia saum toj no muab cov lus qhia ntxaws ntxaws txog kev txheeb xyuas cov hlau, los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas yooj yim mus rau cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas nyuaj dua. Kev xaiv txoj kev nyob ntawm qhov xav tau tshwj xeeb thiab muaj cov khoom siv. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog yuav ua li cas txheeb xyuas cov hlau kom raug, peb tuaj yeem ua kom peb siv cov ntaub ntawv zoo rau daim ntawv thov xav tau, thaum kawg txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo, zoo, thiab kev nyab xeeb hauv ntau yam kev tsim kho thiab kev lag luam.
