Yuav Ua Li Cas Cov Txheej Txheem Dov Cuam Tshuam Rau Cov Khoom Siv Mechanical ntawm Cov Hlau
Cov txheej txheem dov yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim hlau siv dav tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tsim khoom, feem ntau yog los tsim cov phaj, cov ntawv, cov pas nrig, thiab cov ntaub ntawv nrog qhov tuab lossis qhov seem tshwj xeeb. Yeej, dov cuam tshuam nrog kev xa cov khoom siv hlau ntawm ob lossis ntau dua cov menyuam tig, ua rau cov hlau raug hloov pauv yas thiab hloov pauv cov duab raws li qhov sib txawv ntawm cov menyuam. Txawm hais tias zoo li yooj yim, dov muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau - los ntawm lub zog, ductility, hardness, mus rau kev tiv thaiv qaug zog. Cov kev hloov pauv no tshwm sim vim tias dov hloov kho cov hlau microstructure thiab kev faib tawm kev ntxhov siab.
Cov Ntsiab Cai Tseem Ceeb ntawm Kev Dov thiab Kev Hloov Pauv Yas
Thaum cov hlau raug nias los ntawm cov menyuam, cov khoom siv yuav raug hloov pauv yas, qhov kev hloov pauv tas mus li hauv cov duab tom qab nws qhov kev txwv elastic dhau. Qhov kev hloov pauv no tshwm sim vim yog kev txav mus los ntawm kev tawg hauv cov hlau siv lead ua. Qhov ntau dua qhov kev txo qis ntawm qhov tuab lossis thaj tsam hla, qhov ntau dua qhov kev hloov pauv yas. Yog li ntawd, dov tuaj yeem "kaw" qee qhov kev hloov pauv microstructural, yog li hloov pauv cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau.
Feem ntau, kev dov yog muab faib ua ob pawg tseem ceeb: kev dov kub, uas ua tiav saum cov hlau qhov kub recrystallization, thiab kev dov txias, uas ua tiav hauv qab qhov kub recrystallization. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kub thiab txias no yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txiav txim siab hom kev hloov pauv microstructural thiab, thaum kawg, cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov khoom.
Cov Nyhuv ntawm Kev Dov rau Lub Zog thiab Kev Nyuaj Siab
Ib qho ntawm cov teebmeem tam sim ntawd ntawm kev dov—tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev dov txias—yog qhov ua rau muaj zog thiab lub zog tensile ntau ntxiv. Qhov no tshwm sim vim tias kev hloov pauv yas ua rau muaj ntau thiab ntau qhov ntom ntawm cov dislocations. Ntau qhov dislocations ua rau nws nyuaj rau cov dislocations tom qab txav mus los, ua rau cov hlau muaj zog dua. Qhov xwm txheej no hu ua kev nyuaj siab lossis kev ua haujlwm hardening.
Ntxiv rau qhov muaj zog, kev dov kuj ua rau muaj kev tawv ntxiv. Cov hlau uas dov txias feem ntau nyuaj dua li nws lub xeev qub (piv txwv li, tom qab annealing). Hauv qee qhov kev siv, qhov kev tawv ntxiv no yog qhov zoo, xws li hauv cov hlau ntawv rau lub cev tsheb, uas xav tau lub zog ntau dua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tawv ntxiv feem ntau los ntawm qhov kev txo qis ntawm kev ductility.
Hauv kev dov kub, qhov nce zog tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ib yam li hauv kev dov txias vim tias kev rov qab thiab kev rov ua dua tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub siab dua, uas ib feem cuam tshuam rau cov teebmeem ntawm kev tawv tawv. Txawm li cas los xij, kev dov kub tseem tuaj yeem ua rau lub zog nce ntxiv los ntawm kev txhim kho cov qauv me me thiab tswj cov noob loj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum ua tiav nrog kev tswj qhov kub thiab txias kom raug.
Cov nyhuv ntawm dov rau kev ua siab ntev thiab kev tawv ncauj
Kev khoov tau yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv los hloov pauv yas ua ntej tawg. Hauv kev dov txias, kev khoov tau feem ntau txo qis vim tias qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ua rau cov hlau tawv dua, txhais tau tias nws nyuaj rau khoov ntxiv yam tsis tawg. Yog li ntawd, cov khoom siv dov txias feem ntau yuav yooj yim tawg thaum lub sijhawm ua kom zoo dua yam tsis muaj kev kho cua sov xws li kev annealing.
Lub caij no, kev dov kub feem ntau tsim cov khoom uas muaj ductility zoo dua li kev dov txias, vim tias recrystallization thaum lub sijhawm ua cov txheej txheem tsim cov qauv noob "tshiab dua" thiab txo cov dislocations. Qhov ductility siab dua no muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov khoom uas xav tau kev muaj peev xwm deformation, xws li cov txheej txheem tsim ua ntej (kev kos duab tob, khoov, thiab lwm yam).
Kev tawv, uas cuam tshuam txog lub peev xwm los nqus lub zog ua ntej tawg, kuj raug cuam tshuam los ntawm kev dov. Kev dov ua rau muaj cov qauv me me (piv txwv li, qhov loj ntawm cov noob me me) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev tawv ntxiv, tab sis anisotropy thiab kev ntxhov siab seem tuaj yeem txo nws yog tias tsis tswj hwm.
Kev Hloov Pauv Me Me: Qhov Loj ntawm Cov Nplej, Cov Qauv, thiab Anisotropy
Kev dov tsis yog tsuas yog hloov qhov loj me xwb tab sis kuj tseem rov ua dua qhov microstructure. Hauv kev dov kub, cov hlau tuaj yeem hloov pauv mus ua qhov recrystallization, ua rau cov hlau tshiab, zoo dua. Cov hlau me dua feem ntau ua rau muaj zog (raws li Hall-Petch kev sib raug zoo) thiab kuj tseem tuaj yeem txhim kho kev tawv.
Hauv kev dov txias, cov noob tsis rov ua dua thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm (vim yog qhov kub qis), tab sis hloov chaw ntev raws li qhov kev taw qhia dov. Qhov no tsim cov qauv crystallographic thiab anisotropy, uas yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab raws li kev taw qhia. Piv txwv li, lub zog thiab kev tawg tuaj yeem sib txawv ntawm qhov kev taw qhia sib luag rau qhov kev taw qhia dov thiab qhov kev taw qhia hla nws. Hauv kev lag luam, qhov anisotropy no yog qhov tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum xav txog vim nws tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hauv kev tsim daim ntawv.
Cov qauv kuj tseem tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau cov yam ntxwv xws li kev rub tob hauv cov hlau ntawv. Rau cov hlau ntawv lossis txhuas siv rau kev ntim khoom, kev tswj cov qauv yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim khoom ruaj khov yam tsis muaj kev rhuav lossis ntsws ntau dhau.
Kev Nyuaj Siab Thiab Nws Qhov Cuam Tshuam Rau Kev Distortion
Kev dov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog dov txias, tuaj yeem tsim cov kev ntxhov siab seem vim yog qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov chaw thiab sab hauv ntawm cov khoom siv. Cov kev ntxhov siab seem no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam thaum cov khoom siv raug txiav, tshuab, lossis vuam. Ntxiv mus, cov kev ntxhov siab seem tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab tawg nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum muaj kev kub ntxhov.
Hauv kev dov kub, kev ntxhov siab seem tseem tuaj yeem tshwm sim, tab sis lawv feem ntau qis dua vim tias kev so ntawm kev ntxhov siab tshwm sim yooj yim dua ntawm qhov kub siab dua. Txawm li cas los xij, kev txias txias tom qab dov kub kuj tseem tuaj yeem tsim cov kev ntxhov siab seem yog tias kev txias tsis sib xws.
Cov Nyhuv ntawm Kev Dov rau Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Qaug Zog
Lub zog qaug zog yog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom siv los tiv taus cov khoom thauj rov qab yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj. Kev dov tuaj yeem ua rau kom muaj zog qaug zog ntau dua lossis tsawg dua nyob ntawm ntau yam: qib ntawm kev tawv tawv, qhov zoo ntawm qhov chaw, thiab qhov muaj cov kev ntxhov siab seem.
Kev dov txias, uas ua rau lub zog thiab qhov tawv ntxiv, tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov txwv kev qaug zog hauv qee kis. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias dov ua rau muaj qhov chaw nrog cov qhov tsis zoo me me, khawb, lossis cov kev ntxhov siab tensile seem, kev tiv thaiv kev qaug zog tuaj yeem txo qis vim tias cov kab nrib pleb feem ntau pib ntawm qhov chaw. Ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tias dov ua rau muaj qhov chaw zoo thiab tsim cov kev ntxhov siab compressive seem ntawm qhov chaw, kev tiv thaiv kev qaug zog tuaj yeem txhim kho.
Dov thiab Ua Ke nrog Kev Kho Mob Kub
Hauv kev lag luam, kev dov feem ntau yog ua ke nrog kev kho cua sov kom ua tiav qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Piv txwv li, tom qab dov txias, kev annealing yog ua los rov qab ductility los ntawm recrystallization, thaum tib lub sijhawm txo qhov nyuaj kom ua rau cov khoom siv yooj yim dua. Kev hloov pauv xws li temper dov lossis daim tawv nqaij hla ntawm cov hlau ntawv kuj tau ua los txhim kho qhov tiaj tus, tswj cov khoom tsim tawm, thiab txo cov teeb meem xws li stretcher strains.
Hauv qee cov hlau alloys, kev dov kub kuj tseem tuaj yeem yog ib kauj ruam ua ntej ua kom tawv tawv nrog kev kho cua sov (xws li kev kho cov kua thiab kev laus ntawm txhuas) kom ua kom muaj zog kawg.
Xaus
Cov txheej txheem dov cuam tshuam rau cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau los ntawm kev hloov pauv yas, kev hloov pauv microstructural, kev tsim cov qauv, thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov kev ntxhov siab seem. Kev dov txias feem ntau ua rau muaj zog thiab tawv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tawv, tab sis txo qis ductility thiab tuaj yeem ua rau anisotropy. Kev dov kub feem ntau tsim cov ductility zoo dua thiab cov qauv microstructure sib xws ntau dua vim yog recrystallization, txawm hais tias kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem tseem tsim nyog kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab cov kev ntxhov siab seem. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov kev hloov pauv dov thiab kev hloov pauv microstructural, kev lag luam tuaj yeem tsim cov txheej txheem uas tsim cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov khoom siv kho tshuab uas tsim rau cov kev xav tau ntawm daim ntawv thov - txawm tias rau cov khoom siv, tsheb, kev tsim kho, lossis cov khoom siv hlau precision.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no kom muaj kev txawj ntse ntau dua (nrog rau cov lus zoo li kev ntxhov siab, kev ntxhov siab tiag tiag-kev ntxhov siab, kev rov ua dua tshiab, thiab Hall-Petch) lossis nrov dua rau tus nyeem ntawv dav dav, suav nrog kev ntxiv cov piv txwv ntawm cov hlau, txhuas, lossis tooj liab.
