Yuav Ua Li Cas Hlau Thiaj Li Muaj Zog Tshaj Plaws
Kev forging yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem ua hlau qub tshaj plaws, tab sis nws tseem yog ib txoj hauv kev ua ntej thaum ua tiav qhov siab tshaj plaws lub zog thiab kev tawv. Piv rau lwm cov txheej txheem xws li casting lossis machining ib lub thaiv ntawm cov khoom, forging tuaj yeem "rov kho" cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hlau, ua rau nws denser, muaj zog dua, thiab tiv taus ntau dua rau cov khoom thauj rov ua dua. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias cov khoom tseem ceeb - los ntawm lub tsheb crankshafts thiab iav mus rau cov khoom dav hlau - feem ntau yog forged.
Tsab xov xwm no tham txog yuav ua li cas cov hlau raug tempered kom ua tiav qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws, txij li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm microstructure mus rau cov kauj ruam txheej txheem thiab cov yam ntxwv zoo uas txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim kawg.
1. Vim li cas Forging thiaj ua rau Hlau Muaj Zog Dua?
Lub zog ntawm ib lub hlau tsis yog tsuas yog txiav txim siab los ntawm nws cov tshuaj lom neeg xwb, tab sis kuj los ntawm seb cov noob thiab cov fibers (cov noob ntws) tau teeb tsa li cas hauv cov khoom siv. Hauv cov hlau, cov noob siv lead ua thaum cov khoom khov lossis tom qab kev kho cua sov tshwj xeeb. Thaum hlau raug forged, nws dhau los ntawm kev hloov pauv yas: kev hloov pauv tas mus li yam tsis tawg. Qhov kev hloov pauv no yuam kom cov noob siv lead ua ntev thiab sib dhos lawv tus kheej hauv qhov kev taw qhia ntawm cov khoom ntws.
Muaj ntau yam teebmeem tseem ceeb uas ua rau cov hlau wrought zoo dua:
1. Kev sib dhos ntawm cov noob qoob loo
Cov hlau fibers ua raws li cov duab ntawm lub Cheebtsam. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab nrib pleb zoo dua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas raug tensile, bending, lossis torsional loads.
2. Txo qhov porosity thiab sab hauv tsis zoo
Kev ua cov khoom siv casting tuaj yeem ua rau cov qhov hws roj thiab ntsws. Kev forging pab kaw cov qhov hws me me thiab ua rau cov khoom nruj dua.
3. Kev ua kom muaj zog vim yog kev hloov pauv (ua haujlwm kom tawv) nyob rau hauv qee qhov xwm txheej
Hauv kev forging txias, kev deformation ua rau cov dislocations nce ntxiv kom cov hlau ua rau tawv thiab muaj zog dua, txawm hais tias nws feem ntau txo qhov ductility yog tias ntau dhau.
4. Kev tswj cov qauv me me los ntawm kev kho cua sov
Tom qab forging, cov hlau tuaj yeem kho cua sov kom kho nws cov noob loj thiab microstructural theem kom ua tiav qhov sib npaug ntawm lub zog, toughness, thiab hnav tsis kam.
2. Hom Kev Forging: Kub, Sov, thiab Txias
Yuav kom ua tiav qhov siab tshaj plaws, qhov kev xaiv ntawm qhov kub ntawm kev sib tsoo yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Muaj peb pawg dav dav:
a) Kub forging
Cov hlau raug cua sov siab dua nws qhov kub recrystallization. Qhov zoo:
- Yooj yim dua deformation, txo qis kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg.
– Cov qauv ntawm cov noob tuaj yeem "hloov kho dua tshiab" (recrystallized) kom nws tsis txhob tawg yooj yim.
- Haum rau cov hlau, titanium thiab lwm yam alloys uas nyuaj rau tsim ntawm qhov kub qis.
Txawm li cas los xij, muaj cov teeb meem:
- Oxidation thiab nplai ntawm qhov chaw.
- Qhov kev kam rau siab ntawm qhov ntev feem ntau tsis yog qhov tseeb li kev ua kom txias.
b) Kev ua kom sov sov
Nws ua tiav ntawm qhov kub nruab nrab, qis dua qhov kub forging tab sis tseem sov txaus kom txo cov zog tsim. Nws cov txiaj ntsig:
- Zoo dua qhov chaw dua li kub forging.
- Cov kev xav tau qis dua li kev ua kom txias.
- Haum rau cov khoom siv hauv tsheb uas xav tau kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev ua kom raug thiab lub zog.
c) Txias forging
Ua nyob rau hauv chav tsev kub. Nws cov txiaj ntsig:
- Kev ua haujlwm siab thiab qhov tiav zoo heev.
- Kev ua haujlwm tawv tawv tshwm sim uas ua rau muaj zog ntxiv.
Cov kev tsis zoo:
- Yuav tsum muaj tus qauv zoo heev.
- Qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tawg yog siab dua yog tias tus qauv tsim thiab cov ntaub ntawv tsis raug.
- Feem ntau cov txheej txheem annealing yog qhov tsim nyog nyob nruab nrab ntawm theem tsim kom rov qab tau ductility.
3. Cov Theem Dav Dav ntawm Cov Txheej Txheem Forging rau Cov Txiaj Ntsig Siab Tshaj Plaws
Txawm hais tias cov ntsiab lus sib txawv nyob ntawm hom hlau thiab cov duab ntawm cov khoom, cov txheej txheem forging rau lub zog siab feem ntau suav nrog:
1) Kev xaiv cov khoom siv
Lub zog siab tshaj plaws pib nrog kev xaiv cov hlau sib xyaw. Piv txwv li:
- Cov hlau carbon/hlau rau cov ncej, cov iav iav, cov khoom siv hauv tsev.
- 6xxx/7xxx series txhuas rau lub zog-rau-qhov hnyav piv.
- Titanium rau lub zog siab thiab tiv taus corrosion hauv kev lag luam aerospace.
Dhau li ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom pib (billet / ingot) kuj tseem ceeb: kev huv, kev sib npaug, thiab cov khoom tsis yog hlau tsawg.
2) Kev tswj cua sov (rau kev kub / sov forging)
Kev ua kom sov tsis yog hais txog "ua kom nws kub xwb." Nws lub hom phiaj yog:
- Ua tiav qhov kub uas xav tau kom sib npaug thoob plaws hauv cov khoom siv.
- Tsis txhob kub dhau uas yuav ua rau cov noob loj dua lossis txo cov khoom siv kho tshuab.
- Txo cov oxidation nrog kev tswj huab cua lossis lub sijhawm ua kom sov zoo.
3) Lubrication thiab kev npaj ntawm cov tuag
Cov roj nplua nyeem pab cov hlau ntws, txo qhov sib txhuam, thiab ua kom lub pwm ntev dua. Kev xaiv cov roj nplua nyeem nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab cov khoom siv. Cov pwm yuav tsum tau tsim los coj cov khoom ntws kom cov nplej ntws mus rau thaj chaw tseem ceeb.
4) Maj mam tsim
Rau cov duab nyuaj, forging feem ntau ua tiav hauv ntau kauj ruam:
- Preform (thawj zaug tsim) kom mus txog rau qhov kawg.
- Kev thaiv kom faib cov ntaub ntawv.
- Kev ua tiav rau cov ntsiab lus kawg thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg meej dua.
Kev hloov pauv maj mam pab tiv thaiv kev tawg thiab ua kom cov fiber ntws raws cov duab ntawm cov khoom.
5) Kev kho cua txias thiab cua sov
Thaum twg forged lawm, feem ntau cov khoom tsis "ua tiav tam sim ntawd." Kev kho cua sov txiav txim siab qhov kawg lub zog. Ib qho piv txwv feem ntau hauv cov hlau:
- normalizing cov qauv ntawm cov hlab ntsha thiab ua kom cov ntshav ncig zoo.
- Kev quenching thiab tempering rau lub zog siab thiab toughness.
- Annealing yog tias xav tau kev tawv rau kev ua tiav ntxiv.
Hauv txhuas, cov txheej txheem xws li kev kho cua sov thiab kev laus tuaj yeem ua rau muaj zog ntau ntxiv.
6) Kev Ua Tiav: kev siv tshuab thiab kev tshuaj xyuas
Cov khoom siv forged feem ntau tso cov khoom seem (cov khoom seem ntawm kab sib cais) uas yuav tsum tau txiav tawm. Kev siv tshuab ua tiav rau ntawm cov chaw tseem ceeb kom ua tiav kev kam rau siab. Kev tshuaj xyuas (NDT, xws li kev sim ultrasonic) feem ntau siv rau ntawm cov khoom muaj kev nyab xeeb siab kom ntseeg tau tias tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo sab hauv.
4. Tus Qauv Tsim: Kev Taw Qhia Txog Kev Nqus Cov Nplej
Ib qho laj thawj rau lub zog tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom forged yog cov nplej ntws uas "ua raws" lawv cov duab. Yog tias ib qho khoom tsim nrog cov fillets txaus, kev hloov pauv tuab du, thiab kev thauj khoom tau txiav txim siab txij thaum pib, cov hlau fibers yuav tsim nyob ib puag ncig thaj chaw tseem ceeb (xws li lub vojvoog ntawm lub ncej lossis ceg txuas). Qhov no txhim kho kev tiv thaiv kev nkees vim tias nws nyuaj dua rau cov kab nrib pleb kom nthuav tawm tawm tsam cov nplej.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov ces kaum ntse thiab kev hloov pauv sai sai ntawm qhov seem feem ntau ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab. Txawm tias cov hlau muaj zog los xij, kev tsim qauv tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom puas sai.
5. Tej Yam Tsis Zoo Uas Yuav Tsum Tsis Txhob Ua
Yuav kom ua tiav qhov muaj zog tshaj plaws, yuav tsum tiv thaiv ntau qhov tsis zoo uas tshwm sim:
- Lap (qhov quav ntawm qhov chaw): tshwm sim thaum cov hlau ntws kaw rau ntawm nws tus kheej thiab ntes qhov chaw, ua qhov pib rau qhov tawg.
- Tawg: tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kub qis dhau, deformation ntau dhau, lossis tsim pwm tsis zoo.
- Tsis loj txaus/ntxiv ntau dhau: cov pwm puv tsis tiav lossis cov khoom siv ntau dhau.
- Kev suav nrog thiab kev sib cais: pib los ntawm cov khoom pib, tuaj yeem yog cov qhov tsis muaj zog.
- Cov noob loj dhau: vim yog cua sov ntau dhau lossis tuav ntev dhau.
Kev tswj cov txheej txheem, cov ntsuas kub, thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua kom zoo sib xws.
6. Vim li cas kev forging zoo dua li kev casting rau cov khoom tseem ceeb?
Kev casting zoo heev ntawm kev tsim cov duab nyuaj nrog cov nqi cuab yeej sib txawv, tab sis castings feem ntau yooj yim dua rau porosity thiab microstructural variations. Forging, ntawm qhov tod tes, compresses thiab "compacts" cov khoom, tsim kom muaj cov qauv sib xws dua. Rau cov khoom uas raug rau dynamic loads - xws li txuas rods, crankshafts, lossis landing gear - qhov kev tiv thaiv kev qaug zog ntawm forging feem ntau yog qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev xaiv cov txheej txheem.
Xaus
Cov hlau raug forged kom muaj zog tshaj plaws los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev hloov pauv yas, kev tswj qhov kub, kev tsim pwm uas coj cov noob nplej ntws, thiab kev kho cua sov kom raug. Cov txheej txheem no tsis yog tsuas yog ua rau cov duab geometry xwb tab sis kuj tsim cov qauv sab hauv ntawm cov hlau kom nws ntom dua, sib npaug dua, thiab tiv taus kev tawg thiab qaug zog. Nrog kev xaiv cov khoom siv kom raug, kev tswj hwm cov txheej txheem kom zoo, thiab kev tshuaj xyuas txaus, forging tseem yog tus qauv kub rau kev tsim cov khoom siv hlau ua tau zoo thoob plaws ntau yam lag luam.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem hloov kho tsab xov xwm no rau ib lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb (piv txwv li, cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab ua haujlwm, cov tub ntxhais kawm engineering, lossis cov nyeem ntawv dav dav), lossis ntxiv cov piv txwv xws li ua cov crankshafts, blades, lossis cov khoom siv dav hlau.
