Kev Siv Platinum Hlau Hauv Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj
Platinum (Pt) yog ib hom hlau muaj nqis uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj niaj hnub no. Txawm hais tias paub dav tias yog cov khoom siv hniav nyiaj hniav kub muaj nqis, platinum siv tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam, feem ntau yog vim nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb: kev tiv taus corrosion, kev ruaj khov kub siab, thiab nws cov catalyst zoo heev. Hauv ntau yam txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg, platinum feem ntau yog "lub plawv" ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv vim nws tuaj yeem ua kom cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai dua yam tsis tau noj. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog kev siv platinum hlau hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg, npog nws cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb, cov laj thawj kev siv rau nws xaiv, thiab cov teeb meem thiab cov cib fim ntawm nws siv.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Platinum uas pab tau rau kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg
Qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm Platinum yog vim nws cov yam ntxwv zoo ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj. Ua ntej, platinum muaj kev tiv thaiv xeb zoo heev. Ntau cov txheej txheem kev lag luam muaj cov kua qaub muaj zog, cov neeg sawv cev oxidizing, lossis cov chaw ua haujlwm uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau ib txwm puas tsuaj. Platinum tseem ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau cov khoom siv lossis cov khoom siv uas ua haujlwm ntev. Qhov thib ob, platinum muaj qhov kub siab melting (kwv yees li 1.768 ° C). Qhov no tso cai rau nws tiv taus kev ua haujlwm kub siab yam tsis muaj kev poob sai ntawm lub zog lossis cov qauv. Qhov thib peb, platinum yog ib qho catalyst zoo heev rau ntau yam kev ua haujlwm oxidation thiab hydrogenation. Nws qhov kev nqus ntawm cov tshuaj reactant ua rau cov nqi ua haujlwm nce ntxiv, yog li txhim kho kev tsim khoom thiab kev siv hluav taws xob zoo.
Platinum ua tus Catalyst hauv Nitric Acid Production (Ostwald Process)
Ib qho ntawm kev siv platinum loj tshaj plaws hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg yog ua tus catalyst hauv kev tsim cov nitric acid (HNO₃) los ntawm Ostwald Process. Cov txheej txheem no pib nrog kev oxidation ntawm ammonia (NH₃) rau nitrogen monoxide (NO) ntawm qhov kub siab siv cov platinum gauze catalyst, feem ntau ua ke nrog rhodium (Pt-Rh). Lub ntsiab lus yog:
4 NH₃ + 5 O₂ → 4 NO + 6 H₂O
NO ces raug oxidized rau NO₂ thiab thaum kawg nqus rau hauv dej los ua nitric acid. Platinum catalysts yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias lawv muab kev hloov pauv siab thiab kev xaiv, ua rau cov khoom lag luam muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws. Yog tsis muaj catalyst zoo, qhov kev tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav ua qeeb dua thiab tsim cov khoom tsis xav tau ntau dua. Cov chiv, cov khoom tawg, thiab ntau yam kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg nyob ntawm nitric acid, ua rau platinum lub luag haujlwm tsis ncaj ncees hauv cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg thoob ntiaj teb.
Platinum Catalyst hauv Kev Hloov Kho Dua Tshiab thiab Kev Tsim Hydrogen
Hauv kev lag luam petrochemical thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg yooj yim, platinum yog siv dav ua tus catalyst hauv cov txheej txheem reforming, feem ntau yog los ua kom qhov octane ntawm roj av nce thiab tsim cov tshuaj aromatic. Hauv catalytic reforming, platinum feem ntau yog txhawb nqa ntawm alumina (Pt / Al₂O₃) thiab pab txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv xws li dehydrogenation, isomerization, thiab cyclization. Ntxiv rau kev txhim kho roj zoo, cov txheej txheem no kuj tsim hydrogen ua cov khoom seem, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg.
Hydrogen yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov ammonia (Haber-Bosch Process), methanol, thiab ntau yam txheej txheem hydrogenation. Nrog rau qhov kev thov hydrogen ntau ntxiv - ob qho tib si rau kev lag luam thiab kev hloov pauv zog - cov catalysts raws li platinum tseem yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom zoo dua ntawm kev tsim cov hydrogen thiab cov txheej txheem ntxuav, txawm hais tias kev lag luam txuas ntxiv tsim cov catalysts pheej yig dua.
Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Platinum hauv Hydrogenation thiab Oxidation Reactions hauv Kev Lag Luam Tshuaj Zoo
Hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj zoo, tshuaj, thiab qee yam petrochemicals, platinum feem ntau siv ua tus catalyst rau hydrogenation (ntxiv hydrogen) thiab tswj cov tshuaj oxidation. Piv txwv li, hauv qee cov txheej txheem, platinum pab hloov cov tshuaj unsaturated mus rau cov saturated nrog kev xaiv siab. Platinum catalysts kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tshuaj intermediates uas xav tau cov xwm txheej ua kom huv, ruaj khov, thiab rov ua dua tshiab.
Qhov zoo ntawm Platinum hauv thaj chaw no yog nws qhov ruaj khov thiab muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej "phooj ywg" piv rau lwm cov catalysts, yog li txo qhov kev tsim cov khoom seem. Hauv kev lag luam tshuaj zoo, kev xaiv yog qhov tseem ceeb vim nws cuam tshuam rau tus nqi ntawm kev ua kom cov khoom kawg. Qhov xaiv ntau dua ntawm cov catalyst, qhov pov tseg tsawg dua thiab qhov ua haujlwm zoo dua.
Platinum rau Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Chaw Kuaj Mob thiab Cov Cheebtsam Txheej Txheem Tshuaj
Ntxiv rau nws txoj kev siv ua ib qho catalyst, platinum kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov hlau lossis alloy daim ntawv ua cov khoom siv rau qee yam khoom siv vim nws tiv taus cov tshuaj lom neeg hnyav. Hauv chav kuaj thiab chaw ua haujlwm, platinum tuaj yeem pom hauv crucibles rau kev tshuaj xyuas kub siab, electrodes, thiab cov khoom siv uas xav tau cov ntaub ntawv inert. Hauv qee qhov kev siv tshwj xeeb heev - piv txwv li, kev tshuaj xyuas tshuaj uas xav tau cov thawv uas tiv taus cua sov thiab tsis muaj zog - platinum yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws, txawm tias nws tus nqi siab.
Hauv kev lag luam, platinum siv tau rau hauv cov sensors lossis cov khoom siv ua haujlwm. Piv txwv li, qee hom thermocouples siv platinum vim nws cov khoom hluav taws xob ruaj khov ntawm qhov kub siab, pab ntsuas qhov kub kom raug hauv cov reactors lossis cov cub tawg hauv kev lag luam. Qhov kev ntsuas qhov tseeb no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias ntau yam tshuaj lom neeg muaj kev cuam tshuam rau qhov kub thiab txias.
Electrochemistry: Platinum hauv Electrode Reaction-Based Processes and Technologies
Hauv electrochemistry, platinum yog lub npe hu ua ib qho electrode zoo heev vim nws cov khoom inert thiab kev coj ua siab. Platinum electrodes yog siv rau hauv ntau yam kev sim electrolysis, electrochemical cells, thiab cov txheej txheem kev lag luam uas xav tau cov khoom siv electrode uas tsis yaj thiab tiv taus corrosion. Hauv qee cov txheej txheem, platinum electrodes pab tswj cov khoom purity los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev tso tawm ntawm cov hlau ions uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom ua xua.
Txawm hais tias platinum siv rau hauv kev lag luam electrochemistry sib tw nrog lwm cov ntaub ntawv xws li cov hlau noble oxide-coated titanium, platinum tseem ceeb rau cov txheej txheem hnyav lossis thaum xav tau kev ruaj khov siab heev.
Cov Teeb Meem ntawm Kev Siv Platinum: Tus Nqi, Muaj, thiab Kev Siv Dua Tshiab
Qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb rau kev siv platinum yog nws tus nqi siab thiab muaj tsawg. Platinum yog ib hom hlau tsis tshua muaj, thiab nws cov khoom tsim tawm yog nyob rau hauv qee thaj chaw, ua rau nws cov khoom muaj kev phom sij rau kev cuam tshuam geopolitical thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua lag luam. Yog li ntawd, kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg tab tom ua haujlwm los txo qhov kev poob platinum thiab ua kom nws cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua, piv txwv li los ntawm kev tsim cov catalysts nyias-txheej, ntxiv lwm yam hlau rau hauv cov hlau, lossis siv cov catalyst txhawb nqa los ua kom thaj chaw ua haujlwm ntau dua.
Kev siv dua tshiab yog ib qho tswv yim tseem ceeb. Piv txwv li, hauv Pt-Rh mesh catalysts siv rau hauv Ostwald txheej txheem, platinum poob tuaj yeem tshwm sim vim yog evaporation lossis abrasion ntawm qhov kub siab. Cov lag luam feem ntau teeb tsa cov catchment systems uas sau cov platinum particles rau kev siv dua tshiab. Qhov kev coj ua no tsis yog tsuas yog txo cov nqi tab sis kuj txhawb nqa kev ruaj khov thiab txo cov kev cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig.
Kev Taw Qhia Txog Kev Loj Hlob: Kev Ua Haujlwm Zoo ntawm Catalyst thiab Lwm Cov Khoom Siv
Thaum kev thov kev lag luam nce ntxiv thiab kev nyuaj siab kom txo cov nqi nce ntxiv, kev tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv tsim cov tshuaj catalysts lwm yam uas pheej yig dua lossis txo qhov ntau ntawm platinum xav tau. Catalyst nanotechnology, piv txwv li, tso cai rau kev siv platinum hauv cov khoom me me tab sis nrog thaj chaw loj heev, yog li tswj tau cov haujlwm catalytic siab. Ntxiv mus, kev tsim cov tshuaj catalysts raws li lwm cov hlau hloov pauv xws li nickel, cobalt, lossis qee cov oxides sib xyaw kuj tseem tab tom raug caum, txawm hais tias platinum tseem nyuaj rau hloov rau qee qhov kev cuam tshuam uas xav tau kev ruaj khov siab thiab kev xaiv nruj.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov xav tau cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg uas zoo rau ib puag ncig yog qhov tsav tsheb kom ua kom zoo dua ntawm cov tshuaj catalysts platinum kom ua haujlwm ntawm qib zog qis dua, tsim cov khib nyiab tsawg dua, thiab txhim kho kev siv nyiaj atom. Yog li ntawd, platinum tseem yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov txheej txheem thev naus laus zis.
Xaus
Kev siv hlau platinum hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg yog dav thiab tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ua tus catalyst hauv kev tsim cov kua qaub nitric, catalytic reforming, thiab ntau yam hydrogenation thiab oxidation reactions. Dhau li ntawm nws lub luag haujlwm catalytic, platinum kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov khoom siv thiab cov cuab yeej uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv corrosion thiab kev ruaj khov kub siab. Txawm hais tias ntsib cov teeb meem xws li tus nqi siab thiab muaj tsawg, kev lag luam tab tom daws cov teeb meem no los ntawm kev tsim catalyst zoo, cov txheej txheem ntes hlau poob, thiab cov kev pab cuam rov ua dua tshiab. Nrog nws cov khoom tshwj xeeb, platinum yuav txuas ntxiv mus ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg, ob qho tib si rau cov txheej txheem loj thiab cov ntawv thov tshuaj zoo uas xav tau kev raug siab thiab kev xaiv.
Yog tias koj xav tau, kuv tuaj yeem kho tsab xov xwm no kom meej meej txog 1000 lo lus (tam sim no nws ze li), ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv teev cov ntaub ntawv, lossis ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb ntxiv nrog cov lus hais tiav thiab cov kab zauv teb.
