Cov Khoom Siv Tshuaj Uas Yog Cov Hlau Hloov Pauv
Cov hlau hloov pauv yog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev lag luam, kev siv tshuab, thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg. Hauv lub rooj teev cov khoom siv, cov hlau hloov pauv tau muab tso rau hauv d-block, uas suav nrog pawg 3 txog 12. Lub npe "hlau hloov pauv" los ntawm lub peev xwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus no los tsim cov ions nrog ntau yam oxidation xeev, uas yog ib qho ntawm lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tham txog cov tshuaj lom neeg suav nrog hauv cov hlau hloov pauv tob, lawv cov yam ntxwv, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb.
Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Cov Hlau Hloov Pauv
Cov Qauv Hluav Taws Xob
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv yog lawv cov qauv hluav taws xob. Cov hluav taws xob uas puv cov d orbitals yog ib qho cim ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, thiab cov qauv hluav taws xob hauv cov d orbitals no yog lub luag haujlwm rau ntau yam ntawm lawv cov khoom siv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg tshwj xeeb. Piv txwv li, chromium muaj cov qauv hluav taws xob ntawm [Ar] 3d ^ 5 4s ^ 1, uas qhia txog kev puv ib feem ntawm d orbitals.
Cov Qib Oxidation Sib Txawv
Cov hlau hloov pauv tau paub txog lawv lub peev xwm los qhia txog ntau yam kev hloov pauv. Qhov no txhais tau tias ib lub ntsiab lus tuaj yeem tsim cov ions nrog cov nqi sib txawv, qee yam uas tsis tshua muaj rau cov ntsiab lus sab nraud ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv. Piv txwv li, manganese tuaj yeem muaj cov xwm txheej oxidation txij li +2 txog +7.
Kev Sib Koom Tes Xim Sib Txawv
Cov kev sib koom ua ke uas tsim los ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv feem ntau muaj xim nthuav vim yog qhov kev hloov pauv d-d ntawm lawv cov electrons. Cov xim no yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nqus lub teeb ntawm cov wavelengths tshwj xeeb, uas ua rau cov electrons hauv d-orbitals ua kom zoo siab. Piv txwv li, cov kua tooj liab (II) sulfate yog xiav, thaum cov kua nickel (II) chloride yog ntsuab.
Cov Khoom Sib Nqus
Cov hlau hloov pauv kuj muaj cov khoom sib nqus tshwj xeeb, xws li paramagnetic (muaj cov electrons tsis sib txuas) lossis ferromagnetic (xws li hlau, cobalt, thiab nickel, uas tuaj yeem khaws cov magnetization). Cov khoom no ua rau lawv tseem ceeb hauv cov ntawv thov xws li kev tsim cov hlau nplaum thiab cov khoom siv khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv.
Piv txwv thiab Kev Siv Cov Hlau Hloov Pauv
Hlau (Fe)
Hlau yog cov hlau hloov pauv uas siv ntau tshaj plaws thiab siv dav hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Hlau muaj ntau yam oxidation, feem ntau yog +2 (ferrous) thiab +3 (ferric). Ib qho ntawm cov hlau siv tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hlau, ib yam khoom tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho, kev tsim tsheb, thiab ntau lwm yam thev naus laus zis.
Tooj liab (Cu)
Tooj liab yog ib hom hlau hloov pauv uas paub txog nws txoj kev ua hluav taws xob thiab cua sov zoo heev. Nws kuj tiv taus xeb thiab muaj ntau yam kev siv, txij li kev txuas hluav taws xob mus rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob. Tooj liab kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kav dej vim nws tiv taus xeb.
Npib tsib xee (Ni)
Nickel yog lwm yam hlau hloov pauv uas muaj kev tiv thaiv xeb zoo heev thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv cov hlau sib xyaw kom ua rau muaj zog thiab tiv taus oxidation. Ib qho ntawm cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb ntawm nickel yog nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov hlau tsis xeb, uas yog siv rau hauv cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, thiab cov cuab yeej phais.
Chromium (Cr)
Chromium paub zoo tshaj plaws rau nws lub luag haujlwm hauv kev muab kev tiv thaiv xeb thiab ci ntsa iab rau lwm yam hlau, xws li hauv chromium plating. Cov xeev oxidation +3 thiab +6 yog qhov feem ntau. Chromium kuj tseem ceeb heev hauv kev tsim cov hlau tsis xeb thiab siv rau hauv kev lag luam tawv tanning.
Platinum (Pt)
Platinum yog ib hom hlau hloov pauv ruaj khov heev uas tsis tshua muaj tshuaj lom neeg. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntawv thov uas xav tau kev tiv thaiv xeb thiab oxidation, xws li cov catalysts tsheb, cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, thiab cov khoom siv kho mob xws li lub plawv dhia.
Titanium (Ti)
Titanium yog ib hom hlau uas paub txog nws lub zog siab, lub teeb yuag, thiab tiv taus xeb. Vim yog cov yam ntxwv no, titanium yog siv dav hauv kev lag luam aerospace, tshuaj (xws li kev cog pob txha), thiab cov khoom siv kis las zoo.
Zirconium (Zr)
Zirconium muaj kev tiv thaiv xeb zoo ib yam li platinum tab sis pheej yig dua, ua rau nws yog qhov kev xaiv zoo rau kev siv hauv kev lag luam xws li cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob nuclear thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg hnyav. Zirconium kuj tseem siv rau hauv kev tsim cov kav dej thiab cov cuab yeej phais vim nws qhov kev sib raug zoo zoo heev.
Cobalt (Cov)
Cobalt paub txog nws cov hluav taws xob sib nqus thiab feem ntau siv rau hauv kev tsim cov hlau nplaum, cov roj teeb lithium-ion, thiab ua cov tshuaj catalyst hauv kev lag luam tshuaj lom neeg. Cobalt kuj tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov hlau nplaum uas xav tau kev tiv taus cua sov thiab oxidation.
Ruthenium (Ru)
Ruthenium yog ib hom hlau hloov pauv uas siv ntau hauv kev lag luam hluav taws xob thiab ua ib qho catalyst. Piv txwv li, hauv cov organic chemistry, ruthenium yog siv rau hauv ntau yam kev sib xyaw ua ke, xws li hauv kev tsim cov ammonia.
Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Cov Hlau Hloov Pauv
Ntxiv rau lawv cov kev siv hauv kev lag luam thiab thev naus laus zis, qee cov hlau hloov pauv kuj tseem ceeb heev hauv biology. Piv txwv li, hlau yog ib qho tseem ceeb hauv hemoglobin, cov protein uas thauj cov pa oxygen hauv cov ntshav. Tooj liab ua haujlwm hauv qee cov enzymes uas koom nrog kev ua pa ntawm tes. Zinc, txawm hais tias nyob hauv p-block, feem ntau suav hais tias yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm cov hlau hloov pauv vim nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov enzymes thiab lwm yam haujlwm ntawm lub cev.
Xaus
Cov hlau hloov pauv npog ntau yam ntawm lub rooj teev sijhawm thiab muaj cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb uas ua rau lawv tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw. Txij li cov ntawv thov kev lag luam xws li kev ua hlau thiab hluav taws xob mus rau lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv biology, cov hlau hloov pauv yog ib qho ntawm cov pab pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas muaj peev xwm hloov pauv tau thiab ntseeg tau tshaj plaws. Kev nkag siab txog lawv cov yam ntxwv thiab kev siv tso cai rau peb txuas ntxiv siv tag nrho cov peev xwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus no hauv kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis yav tom ntej thiab kev tshawb pom kev tshawb fawb.
