Kev Siv Cov Tshuaj Polymer Hauv Lub Neej
Cov polymers yog ib pawg ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg uas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog lub neej niaj hnub no. Yuav luag txhua yam khoom uas peb kov - los ntawm cov thoob dej haus thiab khaub ncaws mus rau cov khoom siv kho mob thiab txawm tias cov khoom siv hauv tsheb - muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog cov polymers. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov polymers tuaj yeem txhais tau tias yog cov molecules loj (macromolecules) uas muaj cov chav me me, rov ua dua hu ua monomers. Thaum cov monomers no sib xyaw ua ke los ntawm kev tshuaj lom neeg, cov saw ntev tau tsim nrog cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb: lawv tuaj yeem hloov pauv tau lossis nruj, meej lossis tsis pom tseeb, tiv taus cua sov lossis yooj yim yaj, thiab tiv taus kev cuam tshuam lossis yooj yim lwj. Qhov tshwj xeeb no yog qhov ua rau cov polymers yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw.
Kev Txhais thiab Hom Polymers
Raws li lawv keeb kwm, cov polymers raug muab faib ua cov polymers ntuj thiab cov polymers tsim. Cov polymers ntuj yog cov polymers pom muaj nyob rau hauv xwm, xws li cellulose hauv ntoo thiab paj rwb, hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov tubers, cov protein hauv cov tsiaj txhu, thiab roj hmab ntuj los ntawm cov kua txiv ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Cov polymers tsim yog cov polymers uas tib neeg ua los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev lag luam, xws li polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), thiab polyester.
Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, cov polymers tuaj yeem raug faib ua pawg raws li lawv tus cwj pwm nrog cua sov: thermoplastics thiab thermosets. Thermoplastics tuaj yeem yaj thiab rov ua dua tshiab ntau zaus, ua rau lawv yooj yim rau kev rov ua dua tshiab (piv txwv li, PE, PP, PET). Thermosets, ntawm qhov tod tes, tawv tas mus li tom qab cua sov thiab tsim; cov ntaub ntawv no nyuaj rau kev rov ua dua tshiab (piv txwv li, Bakelite thiab epoxy resins). Kev nkag siab txog cov hom polymers no pab txiav txim siab lawv siv hauv zej zog.
Cov Polymers hauv Kev Ntim Khoom thiab Cov Khoom Siv Hauv Tsev
Ib qho ntawm kev siv cov polymers dav tshaj plaws yog nyob rau hauv kev ntim khoom. Cov yas xws li PE thiab PP yog siv dav rau cov hnab yuav khoom, cov ntawv qhwv zaub mov, lub raj mis, thiab cov thawv cia khoom. PET (polyethylene terephthalate) feem ntau yog siv rau cov fwj dej haus vim nws tsis hnyav, muaj zog, thiab pob tshab. Hauv tsev, cov polymers pom muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam khoom: thoob, tais diav, rooj zaum yas, cov khib cia khoom, thiab txawm tias cov txheej tsis lo rau ntawm cov lauj kaub uas siv cov polymers fluorine xws li PTFE.
Qhov zoo ntawm cov polymers hauv kev ntim khoom suav nrog lawv qhov hnyav sib dua, cov nqi tsim khoom qis, thiab yooj yim pwm rau cov qauv tsim tshwj xeeb. Ntxiv mus, qee cov polymers tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ua cov dej ua pa thiab cov pa roj, pab tswj cov khoom noj kom zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv cov khoom ntim polymer kuj ua rau muaj teeb meem ib puag ncig yog tias tsis tswj hwm kom zoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrog cov pov tseg yas siv ib zaug xwb.
Cov Polymers hauv Cov Ntaub thiab Cov Khaub Ncaws
Kev lag luam textile kuj vam khom ntau rau cov polymers. Cov fibers hluavtaws xws li polyester, nylon, thiab acrylic yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov polymers uas ua rau hauv xov paj thiab tom qab ntawd woven rau hauv ntaub. Polyester yog nrov rau nws txoj kev tiv thaiv wrinkle, qhuav sai, thiab lub zog sib piv. Nylon yog dav siv hauv cov khaub ncaws ua si, hnab, thiab cov khoom siv sab nraum zoov vim nws txoj kev tiv thaiv kev sib txhuam thiab elasticity. Acrylic, lub sijhawm no, feem ntau yog siv ua cov ntaub plaub hloov vim nws qhov sov.
Cov polymers ntuj tsim kuj ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv thaj chaw no. Paj rwb yog tsim los ntawm cellulose, ib qho polymer ntuj uas xis nyob thiab nqus cov hws. Cov plaub mos mos thiab cov ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav yog cov polymers ntuj, ua los ntawm cov protein uas muab lawv cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb: cov plaub mos mos sov thiab ywj, cov ntaub txhob lo lo ntxhuav du thiab ci ntsa iab. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov fibers ntuj thiab cov khoom siv hluavtaws feem ntau raug xaiv los ua kom muaj kev sib npaug ntawm kev xis nyob, kev ruaj khov, thiab tus nqi.
Cov Polymers hauv Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv thiab Tshuaj
Kev kho mob yog ib qho ntawm cov kev lag luam uas tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm kev tsim cov khoom siv polymer. Ntau yam khoom siv kho mob yog ua los ntawm cov polymers vim tias lawv tsis muaj kab mob, tsis hnyav, thiab siv tau ib leeg los tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob. Piv txwv li suav nrog cov koob txhaj tshuaj, cov raj IV, cov hnab ntshav, cov hnab looj tes kho mob, lub ntsej muag lub ntsej muag, thiab ntau yam ntim tshuaj.
Ntxiv mus, cov polymers siv rau hauv kev siv tshuab cog thiab kev tsim cov ntaub so ntswg. Cov xov phais tuaj yeem ua los ntawm cov polymers uas lwj tau, yog li lawv tsis tas yuav tshem tawm. Cov ntaub ntawv xws li polylactide (PLA) thiab polyglycolide (PGA) tuaj yeem maj mam lwj hauv lub cev. Qee hom hydrogels—polymers uas tuaj yeem khaws dej ntau—kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov iav sib cuag, cov ntaub qhwv qhov txhab niaj hnub, thiab cov txheej txheem xa tshuaj uas tswj kev tso tshuaj qeeb.
Cov Polymers hauv Kev Thauj Mus Los thiab Kev Lag Luam
Hauv cov lag luam tsheb thiab kev thauj mus los, cov polymers siv los txo qhov hnyav ntawm lub tsheb thiab txhim kho kev siv roj. Ntau yam khoom siv sab hauv, xws li dashboards, qhov rooj vaj huam sib luag, thiab cov rooj zaum, siv cov polymers. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov khoom sib xyaw ua los ntawm polymer uas muaj fiber ntau (piv txwv li, fiberglass lossis carbon fiber) siv rau hauv qee lub tsheb vim lawv lub zog tab sis tsis hnyav.
Hauv kev lag luam, cov polymers muaj nyob rau hauv cov kav dej (PVC), cov txheej txheem cable, cov foob thiab gaskets, cov xim tiv thaiv, thiab cov nplaum. Epoxy thiab polyurethane resins paub txog lawv cov nplaum zoo heev thiab ruaj khov, ua rau lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov txheej txheem hauv pem teb, cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab kev tsim kho. Polymers yog siv dav ua cov insulators hluav taws xob vim lawv muaj peev xwm thaiv cov hluav taws xob tam sim no thiab tiv taus qee yam xwm txheej ib puag ncig.
Cov Polymers hauv Electronics thiab Technology Niaj Hnub
Kev nce qib thev naus laus zis kuj tseem tsav tsheb tsim kho tshiab hauv cov polymers tshwj xeeb. Ntau lub cuab yeej hluav taws xob siv cov polymers ua cov insulators, cov ntaub thaiv cable, cov casings, thiab cov txheej tiv thaiv khoom. Cov zaub yooj ywm thiab qee hom sensors siv cov polymers conductive, polymers uas tuaj yeem ua hluav taws xob tom qab hloov kho. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov polymers siv rau hauv cov roj teeb thiab qee lub hnub ci cell ua ib feem ntawm cov polymer electrolyte lossis cov txheej nyias nyias uas pab cov txheej txheem hloov pauv hluav taws xob.
Nyob rau lub caij niaj hnub no, kev tshawb fawb txog biopolymers thiab cov polymers uas tsis ua rau ib puag ncig puas tsuaj kuj tau nce ntxiv. Lub hom phiaj yog tsim cov ntaub ntawv uas ua haujlwm tau zoo tab sis muaj kev cuam tshuam tsawg dua rau ib puag ncig, xws li cov yas uas yooj yim lwj lossis rov ua dua tshiab tau zoo dua.
Cov Teeb Meem Ib puag ncig thiab Kev Siv Zog Los daws teeb meem
Txawm hais tias lawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo kawg nkaus los xij, kev siv cov polymers—tshwj xeeb yog cov yas—ua rau muaj teeb meem pov tseg loj heev. Cov yas uas tsis tau tswj hwm tuaj yeem ua rau av, dej ntws, thiab dej hiav txwv qias neeg, ua rau muaj peev xwm hloov mus ua cov yas me me uas nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom noj. Qhov teeb meem no tsis yog vim cov polymers "phem" xwb, tab sis yog vim kev siv tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm thiab kev tswj hwm thaum kawg ntawm lub neej.
Muaj ntau txoj kev daws teeb meem uas tseem tab tom tsim, txij li kev txo cov yas siv ib zaug xwb, kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem rov ua dua tshiab, mus rau kev tsim kho tshiab xws li cov yas bioplastics. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov yas bioplastic yog PLA, uas yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab xws li hmoov pob kws lossis qab zib. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias tsis yog txhua cov yas bioplastics yuav lwj tag nrho hauv qhov chaw qhib; qee qhov xav tau cov xwm txheej tshwj xeeb, xws li cov chaw ua composting hauv kev lag luam. Yog li ntawd, kev kawm rau pej xeem thiab cov cai tswjfwm pov tseg tseem ceeb heev.
Kev kaw
Cov polymers yog cov khoom sib xyaw ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Txij li cov khoom ntim khoom noj thiab khaub ncaws mus rau cov khoom siv kho mob thiab kev thauj mus los mus rau cov thev naus laus zis hluav taws xob, cov polymers muab kev yooj yim, kev ua haujlwm zoo, thiab kev tsim kho tshiab. Lawv cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws - lub teeb, muaj zog, yoog tau, thiab yooj ywm - ua rau cov polymers yog cov khoom siv zoo heev hauv ntau daim ntawv thov. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb no yuav tsum tau sib npaug nrog kev siv lub luag haujlwm thiab kev tswj hwm pov tseg. Los ntawm kev siv cov cwj pwm ntawm kev txo qis kev siv ib zaug xwb, kev cais thiab kev rov ua dua tshiab, thiab txhawb kom muaj kev tsim cov polymers uas zoo rau ib puag ncig, peb tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv txaus siab rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov polymers yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev noj qab haus huv ib puag ncig. Yog li, cov polymers tsis yog tsuas yog lub cim ntawm kev nce qib ntawm cov khoom siv, tab sis kuj yog ib feem ntawm kev daws teeb meem rau kev ua neej nyob ruaj khov dua.
