Xam Cov Nqi Tsim Khoom Hauv Kev Lag Luam
Thaum khiav ib lub lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho uas tsim cov khoom muag (zaub mov, khoom siv tes ua, khaub ncaws, thiab kev tsim khoom loj), lub peev xwm los xam cov nqi tsim khoom yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb rau kev txiav txim siab tus nqi muag, kev ntsuas cov txiaj ntsig, thiab kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm. Ntau lub lag luam muaj kev muag khoom zoo li siab tab sis thaum kawg raug kev txom nyem tsawg lossis txawm tias poob vim yog kev suav cov nqi tsim khoom tsis raug. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tham txog lub tswv yim ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom, lawv cov khoom, yuav ua li cas xam lawv, thiab muab cov piv txwv ua tau zoo kom koj tuaj yeem siv lawv hauv koj txoj kev lag luam txhua hnub.
Tus nqi tsim khoom yog dab tsi?
Cov nqi tsim khoom yog txhua yam nuj nqis uas siv los tsim cov khoom tiav lawm npaj muag. Kev xam cov nqi tsim khoom tsis yog tsuas yog suav nrog cov khoom siv raw xwb tab sis kuj suav nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm, hluav taws xob, kev poob nqi ntawm cov khoom siv, kev ntim khoom, thiab lwm yam nqi txhawb nqa uas pab txhawb rau cov txheej txheem tsim khoom. Los ntawm kev paub tus nqi tsim khoom ib chav, cov lag luam tuaj yeem teeb tsa tus nqi muag khoom tsim nyog thiab xyuas kom meej tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo.
Vim li cas kev xam cov nqi tsim khoom thiaj li tseem ceeb?
Muaj ntau yam ua rau kev xam cov nqi tsim khoom tseem ceeb heev:
1. Txiav txim siab tus nqi muag khoom kom raug. Ntau lub lag luam teem tus nqi raws li cov neeg sib tw lossis kev xav ntawm kev ua lag luam, txawm tias cov nqi sab hauv tuaj yeem sib txawv. Tus nqi tsim nyog yuav tsum yog raws li cov nqi tsim khoom thiab cov nyiaj tau los ntawm lub hom phiaj.
2. Tswj koj cov nuj nqis. Los ntawm kev kos duab koj cov nuj nqis, koj tuaj yeem pom cov khoom twg yog cov khoom siv nyiaj ntau tshaj plaws thiab qhov twg koj tuaj yeem txuag tau.
3. Tshuaj xyuas cov nyiaj tau los. Cov nyiaj tau los ntawm kev lag luam tsis tuaj yeem ntsuas los ntawm tag nrho cov muag khoom xwb, tab sis los ntawm kev muag khoom rho tawm tag nrho cov nqi.
4. Pab txiav txim siab txog kev tsim khoom. Piv txwv li, seb puas pheej yig dua los tsim khoom hauv tsev lossis xa mus rau lwm lub tuam txhab, yuav cov tshuab tshiab lossis ua haujlwm ntau lawm, thiab lwm yam.
5. Npaj cov peev nyiaj thiab kev kwv yees. Kev suav tus nqi yuav ua rau koj npaj tau cov peev nyiaj ua haujlwm thiab cov hom phiaj muag khoom kom raug dua.
Cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom
Feem ntau, cov nqi tsim khoom tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
1. Cov nqi raw khoom ncaj qha
Cov no yog cov nqi rau cov khoom siv tseem ceeb uas yog ib feem ntawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li: hmoov nplej, qab zib, thiab qe rau ua ncuav mog qab zib; ntaub rau ua khaub ncaws; thiab ntoo rau ua rooj. Cov khoom siv ncaj qha feem ntau yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws los txheeb xyuas vim tias qhov ntau npaum li cas pom tseeb rau txhua yam khoom.
2. Cov nqi zog ua haujlwm ncaj qha
Cov neeg ua haujlwm ncaj qha yog tus nqi them rau cov neeg ua haujlwm uas koom nrog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, xws li cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv chav ua noj, cov neeg xaws khaub ncaws, thiab cov neeg tsav tshuab. Yog tias ib tus neeg ua haujlwm tsim tau ib qho lej ntawm cov khoom hauv ib hnub, lawv cov nyiaj hli tuaj yeem raug faib rau ib chav.
3. Cov nqi them ua haujlwm ntawm lub Hoobkas (BOP)
Cov nqi them ua ntej yog tus nqi ntawm kev tsim khoom tsis yog cov khoom siv raw thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm ncaj qha. Cov nqi them ua ntej feem ntau yog ib feem "xaus" ntawm tus nqi vim nws tsis pom rau lub qhov muag liab qab. Piv txwv ntawm cov nqi them ua ntej suav nrog:
- Hluav taws xob thiab dej rau kev tsim khoom
- Roj rau kev ua noj
- Cov nqi kho tshuab
- Kev poob nqi ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov tshuab
– Xauj chaw tsim khoom
- Cov khoom siv me me (hnab looj tes, yas npog, tshuaj ntxuav, thiab lwm yam)
- Cov nyiaj hli ntawm tus thawj coj tsim khoom
- Cov nqi zoo (QC) thiab cov ntaub ntawv txhawb nqa
Cov nqi siv ua haujlwm sab nraud tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov nqi siv ua haujlwm ruaj khov (piv txwv li nqi xauj tsev) thiab cov nqi siv ua haujlwm hloov pauv (piv txwv li hluav taws xob uas nce ntxiv thaum cov khoom tsim tawm nce ntxiv).
Cov hom kev qhia hauv kev xam cov nqi tsim khoom
Hauv kev xyaum, muaj ob txoj hauv kev uas feem ntau siv:
1. Kev suav tus nqi tag nrho: tag nrho cov nqi tsim khoom (cov khoom siv raw, cov neeg ua haujlwm, cov khoom siv ruaj khov thiab cov khoom siv hloov pauv) suav nrog rau hauv tus nqi khoom. Qhov no haum rau kev suav tus nqi mus sij hawm ntev thiab kev tshaj tawm nyiaj txiag.
2. Kev suav tus nqi hloov pauv: tsuas yog cov nqi hloov pauv xwb thiaj li raug muab faib rau cov khoom, thaum cov nqi kho tas li yog suav tias yog tus nqi ib ntus. Qhov no feem ntau siv rau kev tshuaj xyuas kev txiav txim siab luv luv.
Rau MSMEs, kev suav tus nqi tag nrho feem ntau muaj kev nyab xeeb dua vim nws muab daim duab tiav ntawm tus nqi, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum txiav txim siab tus nqi muag.
Yuav ua li cas xam cov nqi tsim khoom ib chav
Hauv cov lus yooj yim, cov qauv yog:
Tag Nrho Cov Nqi Tsim Khoom = Cov Khoom Siv Ncaj Qha + Cov Neeg Ua Haujlwm Ncaj Qha + Cov Nyiaj Siv Tsim Khoom
Tom qab ntawd rau tus nqi ib chav tsev:
Tus nqi tsim khoom ib chav = Tag nrho tus nqi tsim khoom / Tus naj npawb ntawm cov chav tsim tawm
Qhov tseem ceeb yog xyuas kom meej tias txhua tus nqi cuam tshuam raug sau tseg thiab faib ua kom zoo.
Piv txwv kev xam lej yooj yim
Xav tias koj muaj ib lub lag luam ua ncuav qab zib hauv tsev thiab xav xam tus nqi tsim khoom ntawm 100 lub thawv ncuav qab zib.
A. Cov khoom siv raw ncaj qha
– 5 kg hmoov nplej: Rp. 70.000
– 3 kg qab zib: Rp. 45.000
– 2 kg butter: Rp. 120.000
– 2 lub tais qe: Rp. 60.000
– Chocolate/chocolate chips: Rp. 80.000
Tag nrho cov khoom siv raw = Rp. 375.000
B. Kev ua haujlwm ncaj qha
Koj them 1 tus neeg ua haujlwm ib hnub Rp. 100.000 los pab nrog kev tsim khoom hnub ntawd.
Tag nrho cov neeg ua haujlwm = Rp. 100.000
C. Cov nqi tsim khoom ntau lawm
– Roj: Rp. 35.000
– Hluav taws xob (kwv yees li ntawm kev koom tes tsim khoom): Rp. 25.000
– Kev txo nqi ntawm qhov cub thiab lub tshuab sib tov (muab faib rau ib qho khoom tsim tawm): Rp. 20.000
– Nqi xauj tsev (yog koj muaj koj lub tsev, koj tuaj yeem faib ib feem; piv txwv li): Rp. 30.000
– Cov khoom siv (hnab looj tes, ntaub so hauv chav ua noj, tshuaj ntxuav): Rp. 15.000
Tag nrho cov nqi khiav lag luam = Rp125.000
D. Tag nrho cov nqi tsim khoom
Tag Nrho = IDR 375.000 + IDR 100.000 + IDR 125.000 = IDR 600.000
Yog tias nws tsim tau 100 lub raj mis:
Tus nqi tsim khoom ib lub thawv = Rp. 600.000 / 100 = Rp. 6.000
Txawm li cas los xij, ntau lub lag luam kuj suav nrog cov nqi ntim khoom ua ib feem ntawm lawv cov nqi tsim khoom lossis muag khoom, nyob ntawm lub kaw lus. Piv txwv li, yog tias lub thawv thiab daim ntawv lo raug nqi Rp. 2.500 rau ib chav, ces:
Tag nrho tus nqi ib chav = Rp6.000 + Rp2.500 = Rp8.500
Yog tias koj xav tau 40% margin, tus nqi muag tsawg kawg nkaus yog:
Tus nqi muag = Rp8.500 / (1 – 0,40) = Rp8.500 / 0,60 = Rp14.167
Feem ntau yuav muab tus nqi puag ncig mus txog Rp. 14.500 lossis Rp. 15.000 raws li txoj kev npaj ua lag luam.
Cov yuam kev feem ntau thaum xam cov nqi tsim khoom
1. Tsis nco qab suav nrog cov khoom me me uas siv tas li. Cov nuj nqis me me xws li hnab yas, tshuaj ntxhua khaub ncaws, lossis daim ntaub so ntswg feem ntau raug tsis quav ntsej, txawm tias lawv tuaj yeem ua rau muaj nuj nqis ntau yog tias lawv yog cov nuj nqis niaj hnub.
2. Tsis suav cov nqi khoom siv uas poob qis. Cov khoom siv tsim khoom muaj lub neej ntev. Yog tias koj tsis suav nws, cov nyiaj tau los yuav zoo li siab, txawm tias koj tsis tau tseg nyiaj rau kev hloov khoom siv.
3. Kev siv nyiaj rau tus kheej thiab kev lag luam sib xyaws ua ke. Qhov no ua rau cov nqi tsim khoom thiab cov nyiaj tau los tsis raug.
4. Tsis txhob quav ntsej txog cov khoom uas tsis ua haujlwm lossis pov tseg. Muaj cov khib nyiab hauv kev tsim khoom. Yog tias 5% ntawm cov khoom puas lawm, cov nqi yuav tsum tau muab faib rau cov khoom muag tau zoo.
5. Kev faib cov nqi zog ua haujlwm tsis raug. Cov nyiaj hli txhua hnub yuav tsum tau faib raws li cov khoom tsim tawm, tsis yog "kwv yees li" xwb.
Cov lus qhia ua tau zoo rau kev siv cov kev suav nqi tsim khoom
- Siv cov ntaub ntawv sau cia yooj yim: daim ntawv spreadsheet (Excel/Google Sheets) txaus rau kev pib.
– Tsim ib daim ntawv qhia ua zaub mov/tus qauv tsim khoom (daim ntawv teev cov khoom siv). Rau txhua yam khoom, sau cov ntaub ntawv xav tau kom meej.
– Kev ntsuam xyuas tsis tu ncua: tus nqi khoom siv raw hloov pauv, yog li cov nqi tsim khoom yuav tsum tau hloov kho tsis tu ncua.
– Cais cov nqi ruaj khov thiab cov nqi hloov pauv: yog li koj paub tus naj npawb tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov chav tsev koj xav tau muag kom them tau cov nqi ruaj khov (qhov sib npaug).
– Piv nrog cov nqi lag luam: thaum koj paub cov nqi, koj tuaj yeem hloov kho koj txoj kev npaj: ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua, hloov qhov loj ntawm cov khoom, lossis xaiv lwm qhov kev lag luam sib txawv.
Kev kaw
Kev suav cov nqi tsim khoom tsis yog tsuas yog kev suav nyiaj xwb, tab sis yog ib qho cuab yeej tswj hwm rau kev tswj hwm kev noj qab haus huv ntawm kev lag luam. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog cov khoom siv raw, cov neeg ua haujlwm, thiab cov nqi siv ua haujlwm, koj tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tseeb ntawm cov nqi tsim khoom, txiav txim siab cov nqi muag khoom tau txiaj ntsig, thiab tswj cov nuj nqis kom zoo dua. Pib nrog kev khaws cov ntaub ntawv yooj yim, ua qhov kev ntsuam xyuas tsis tu ncua, thiab ua kom kev suav tus nqi ua ib tus cwj pwm. Cov lag luam uas muaj sia nyob feem ntau tsis yog cov lag luam uas muaj neeg coob tshaj plaws, tab sis yog cov uas tswj cov nqi thiab cov nyiaj tau zoo tshaj plaws.
