Cov Kev Tiv Thaiv thiab Kho Mob Malaria
Pendahuluuan
Kab mob malaria yog ib yam kab mob sib kis los ntawm tus kab mob Plasmodium, uas kis tau los ntawm tus yoov tshaj cum poj niam Anopheles tom. Kab mob no tau muaj txij li thaum ub los thiab tseem yog ib qho teeb meem loj rau kev noj qab haus huv hauv ntau lub tebchaws sov thiab sov. Muaj ntau tshaj 200 lab tus neeg mob malaria tshwm sim txhua xyoo thoob ntiaj teb, ua rau kwv yees li 400.000 tus neeg tuag. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog ntau txoj kev tiv thaiv thiab kho kab mob malaria uas tuaj yeem pab txo qhov tshwm sim thiab kev cuam tshuam ntawm kab mob no.
Kev Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Malaria
Kev tiv thaiv kab mob malaria ua tau los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev, suav nrog kev siv cov tshuaj prophylactic, kev tswj cov kab mob vector, thiab kev nce kev paub thiab kev kawm rau pej xeem.
1. Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob
Cov neeg uas mus ncig teb chaws rau thaj chaw uas muaj kab mob malaria ntau, siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria ua kev tiv thaiv. Cov tshuaj no ua haujlwm los ntawm kev tua cov kab mob hauv cov ntshav lossis tiv thaiv kev kis tus kab mob kom tsis txhob loj hlob mus ua kab mob. Qee cov tshuaj uas siv ntau suav nrog chloroquine, mefloquine, doxycycline, thiab atovaquone-proguanil. Kev xaiv cov tshuaj nyob ntawm qhov chaw, hom kab mob, kev tiv thaiv tshuaj, thiab keeb kwm kho mob ntawm tus kheej.
2. Kev Tswj Vector
Kev tswj cov kab Anopheles yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv kab mob malaria. Qee cov tswv yim siv rau kev tswj cov kab mob vector suav nrog:
a. Tshuaj tua kab
Kev siv tshuaj tua kab hauv cov chaw uas yoov tshaj cum nyob thiab yug me nyuam pab txo cov yoov tshaj cum laus. Cov tshuaj tua kab uas siv ntau suav nrog DDT, pyrethroids, thiab organophosphates. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tiv thaiv kab yog ib qho teeb meem loj hlob tuaj thiab xav tau cov tswv yim tswj hwm kom ruaj khov.
b. Cov ntaub thaiv yoov uas muaj tshuaj tua kab
Cov ntaub thaiv yoov tshaj cum uas muaj tshuaj tua kab yog ib txoj kev tiv thaiv zoo heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev tiv thaiv tib neeg thaum pw tsaug zog. Lawv muab kev tiv thaiv lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg kom tsis txhob raug yoov tshaj cum tom.
c. Cov kab mob Larvivora thiab Genetics
Kev siv cov ntses uas yog cov kab menyuam (larvivora) thiab kev tswj cov kab mob sib kis, xws li kev tso cov kab mob txiv neej uas tsis muaj menyuam lossis cov kab mob sib kis uas tau hloov kho caj ces, tuaj yeem pab txo cov kab mob sib kis.
3. Kev Kawm Txog Pej Xeem thiab Kev Paub Txog
Kev qhia rau pej xeem txog kev tiv thaiv kab mob malaria thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv cov khoom siv tiv thaiv xws li cov ntaub thaiv txaj, cov khaub ncaws tiv thaiv, thiab cov tshuaj tua yoov yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev txo qhov kev kis tus kab mob. Kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev sib tw, cov ntawv tshaj tawm, thiab kev tshaj xov xwm hauv zej zog tuaj yeem ua rau pej xeem paub ntau ntxiv thiab ceev faj txog kev pheej hmoo ntawm kab mob malaria.
Kev Kho Mob Malaria
Kev kho mob malaria tsom mus rau kev tshem tawm cov kab mob ntawm tus neeg mob lub cev thiab tiv thaiv cov teeb meem uas yuav ua rau tuag taus. Kev kho mob sai thiab tsim nyog yog qhov tseem ceeb heev kom tiv thaiv kev tuag thiab cov teeb meem loj.
1. Kev kuaj mob
Kev kuaj mob sai thiab raug yog thawj kauj ruam hauv kev kho mob malaria. Kev kuaj mob malaria tuaj yeem kuaj tau los ntawm kev kuaj ntshav, los ntawm kev siv lub tshuab microscopic los nrhiav cov kab mob lossis kev kuaj mob sai (RDTs) uas nrhiav cov antigens malaria hauv cov ntshav.
2. Kev Kho Mob Nrog Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv Kab Mob Malaria
Kev kho mob malaria sib txawv nyob ntawm hom kab mob ua rau muaj mob thiab qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob. Qee hom tshuaj tiv thaiv malaria siv suav nrog:
a. Kev Kho Mob Ua Ke Uas Siv Artemisinin (ACTs)
Cov tshuaj ACTs yog cov tshuaj kho mob rau tus kab mob malaria uas tshwm sim los ntawm Plasmodium falciparum, uas yog cov kab mob uas tua neeg tshaj plaws. Cov tshuaj ACTs muaj cov tshuaj artemisinin derivative (xws li artemether lossis artesunate) sib xyaw nrog lwm yam tshuaj, xws li lumefantrine lossis amodiaquine. Cov tshuaj no ua rau kev kho mob zoo dua thiab tiv thaiv kev tsis kam tshuaj.
b. Chloroquine thiab Primaquine
Rau cov kab mob malaria uas tshwm sim los ntawm Plasmodium vivax lossis Plasmodium ovale, chloroquine feem ntau yog siv ua kev kho mob thawj zaug. Primaquine kuj tseem muab rau tua cov kab mob uas tseem nyob hauv daim siab thiab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob rov tshwm sim dua.
c. Quinine thiab Tshuaj tua kab mob
Yog tias muaj mob malaria hnyav lossis muaj teeb meem, cov neeg mob yuav xav tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob thiab kho nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria xws li quinine lossis artesunate. Cov tshuaj tua kab mob xws li doxycycline lossis clindamycin kuj tseem yuav raug ntxiv rau kom txhim kho kev kho mob zoo dua.
3. Kev Tswj Xyuas Teeb Meem
Kab mob malaria muaj peev xwm ua rau muaj ntau yam teeb meem loj, xws li ntshav tsis txaus, raum tsis ua haujlwm, o ntawm lub ntsws, thiab kab mob malaria hauv lub hlwb. Kev tswj cov teeb meem no feem ntau xav tau kev saib xyuas hnyav, suav nrog kev hloov ntshav, kev kho mob oxygen, lossis kev ntxuav dialysis.
4. Kev Kho Mob Thaum Muaj Mob
Ntxiv rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria, kev kho mob txhawb nqa los tswj cov tsos mob xws li kub taub hau, mob, thiab qhuav dej yog qhov tseem ceeb. Kev siv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kub xws li paracetamol, rov ua kom lub cev qhuav dej nrog cov kua dej hauv qhov ncauj lossis cov kua dej hauv cov hlab ntsha, thiab kev tswj qhov mob tuaj yeem pab txo qhov mob ntawm tus neeg mob.
5. Kev Tiv Thaiv Kev Rov Qab Los Dua
Tom qab kho mob malaria tas, kev tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob rov qab mob dua yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov kab mob uas tshwm sim los ntawm Plasmodium vivax thiab Plasmodium ovale. Kev siv primaquine tom qab theem kho mob sai sai pab tiv thaiv cov kab mob latent hauv lub siab uas yuav ua rau rov qab mob dua.
Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev txhim kho
Kev tshawb nrhiav tseem nrhiav tau tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob malaria zoo thiab cov tswv yim tshiab rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kho kab mob malaria. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv RTS,S/AS01 (Mosquirix) tau ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev txo cov kab mob malaria hauv cov menyuam yaus hauv Africa. Ntxiv mus, kev tshawb nrhiav txog cov cuab yeej kuaj mob sai dua, cov tshuaj tshiab, thiab cov txheej txheem tswj kab mob tshiab tseem txuas ntxiv mus.
Xaus
Kab mob malaria tseem yog ib qho teeb meem thoob ntiaj teb uas xav tau ntau txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv thiab kho. Kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv, kev tswj cov kab mob, kev qhia rau pej xeem, kev kuaj mob sai, thiab kev kho mob kom raug yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txo qhov hnyav ntawm tus kab mob no. Nrog kev koom tes ntawm tsoomfwv, cov koom haum kev noj qab haus huv, thiab cov zej zog, vam tias kab mob malaria yuav raug txo kom tsawg thiab thaum kawg raug tshem tawm ua teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv pej xeem yav tom ntej.
