Yuav Ua Li Cas Thiaj Ua Tau Cov Iav Optical rau Cov Lens thiab Microscopes
Pendahuluuan
Cov iav kho qhov muag ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam kev siv hauv kev tshawb fawb thiab thev naus laus zis, suav nrog cov iav koob yees duab, tsom iav, telescopes, thiab microscopes. Kev tsim cov iav kho qhov muag tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim; nws xav tau kev ua haujlwm siab thiab cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb los tsim cov khoom zoo nrog qhov tseeb thiab ruaj khov. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tham txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov iav kho qhov muag rau cov iav thiab microscopes, txij li cov khoom siv raw mus rau cov khoom tiav.
Cov khoom siv raw
Cov iav kho qhov muag yog ua los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv raw, nrog silica (SiO₂) ua lub ntsiab tivthaiv. Silica ntshiab feem ntau tau los ntawm cov xuab zeb quartz zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, kom ua tiav cov khoom kho qhov muag xav tau, cov khoom ntxiv xws li boron oxide, barium oxide, thiab zinc oxide kuj tseem tuaj yeem ntxiv. Cov khoom sib xyaw zoo no muab cov iav kho qhov muag tshwj xeeb xws li kev xa mus rau lub teeb siab, qhov ntsuas refractive xav tau, thiab kev sib kis tsawg kawg nkaus.
Cov Txheej Txheem Sib Tov Khoom Siv Raw
Kauj ruam thawj zaug hauv kev tsim cov iav kho qhov muag yog kev sib tov cov khoom siv raw. Cov khoom xyaw tseem ceeb - xws li xuab zeb quartz, dej qab zib (sodium carbonate), thiab txiv qaub (calcium carbonate) - raug ntsuas raws li qhov sib piv uas tau teev tseg los ntawm cov mis tshwj xeeb. Cov khoom siv ntxiv, raws li qhov xav tau, raug ntxiv rau hauv qhov sib tov kom ua tiav cov khoom kho qhov muag xav tau. Tag nrho cov khoom xyaw no tom qab ntawd raug sib tov kom huv si kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom siv iav sib xws.
Iav yaj thiab tsim
Thaum cov khoom siv raw sib xyaw ua ke lawm, cov khoom sib xyaw no yuav raug pub rau hauv lub cub tawg uas kub heev, uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag li 1700 ° C. Ntawm qhov kub no, cov khoom siv raw yuav yaj thiab sib xyaw ua ke los ua cov iav uas yaj. Cov txheej txheem yaj no yuav tsum tau saib xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke zoo ib yam thiab txhua yam khoom tsis huv thiab cov pa npuas raug tshem tawm.
Thaum lub khob iav nyob rau hauv lub xeev kua sib xws, nws raug nchuav rau hauv cov pwm lossis tshuab mus rau hauv lub puab tsaig xav tau, nyob ntawm qhov xav tau kawg. Cov txheej txheem no, hu ua kev tsim iav, yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis sib xws ntawm qhov chaw thiab lwm yam tsis zoo.
Kev Tso Pa Roj Thiab Kev Txias
Cov iav uas nyuam qhuav yaj ces yuav raug tshem tawm cov pa roj thiab txias. Qhov no yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov iav kho qhov muag vim tias kev txias sai dhau tuaj yeem tsim kev ntxhov siab sab hauv, ua rau cov iav tawg lossis tawg. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no, cov iav maj mam txias hauv lub cub tawg. Cov txheej txheem annealing tso tawm cov kev ntxhov siab hauv cov iav thiab ua rau nws tiv taus kev hloov pauv kub tam sim ntawd.
Kev Txiav thiab Kho Lub Lens
Tom qab lub iav txias thiab tawv lawm, kauj ruam tom ntej yog txiav nws kom zoo li cov khoom xav tau. Lub iav raug txiav siv cov cuab yeej txiav pob zeb diamond kom raug. Qhov kev txiav no tom qab ntawd raug txiav ntxiv nrog cov cuab yeej sib tsoo kom zoo li lub lens lossis lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag.
Tom qab ua kom cov iav zoo li daim duab, ces yuav pib txheej thiab txhuam. Cov txheej txheem no yuav siv cov txheej txheem sib tsoo kom tshem tawm cov qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov iav, ua raws li cov txheej txheem txhuam kom ua rau daim iav du thiab pob tshab.
Txheej tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov iav kho qhov muag zoo yog cov txheej tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam. Cov txheej no tseem ceeb heev rau cov iav thiab cov tshuab microscopes vim nws txo cov teeb pom kev zoo ntawm qhov chaw iav, ua rau lub teeb kis tau zoo dua thiab txo cov teeb ci ntsa iab.
Cov txheej txheej tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam feem ntau yog siv los ntawm kev siv cov txheej txheem vapor deposition lossis sputtering, qhov twg ib txheej nyias nyias ntawm cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li magnesium fluoride lossis titanium dioxide, raug tso rau ntawm qhov chaw iav hauv qab lub tshuab nqus tsev. Cov txheej txheem no tsim cov txheej txheej nyias nyias tab sis sib xws, ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm qhov muag.
Kev Tshuaj Xyuas thiab Kev Tswj Xyuas Zoo
Cov khoom kawg yuav tsum tau dhau ntau theem ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo kom ntseeg tau tias txhua lub lens lossis cov iav kho qhov muag ua tau raws li cov qauv uas tau teeb tsa. Qhov kev tshuaj xyuas no suav nrog kev tshuaj xyuas pom kev puas tsuaj xws li cov npuas cua, khawb, thiab lwm yam tsis zoo.
Ntxiv rau kev kuaj xyuas pom, muaj kev sim thib ob los ntsuas cov khoom siv kho qhov muag xws li qhov ntsuas qhov ci ntsa iab, qhov sib kis, thiab lub zog ntawm cov khoom. Kev kuaj xyuas no ua kom ntseeg tau tias cov khoom kawg tsis yog tsuas yog tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo xwb tab sis kuj ua tau raws li tus qauv kev lag luam.
Cov ntawv thov hauv cov iav tsom iav thiab cov tshuab microscopes
Tom qab ua tiav cov txheej txheem tsim khoom zoo, cov iav kho qhov muag uas tau los siv tau rau ntau yam khoom siv kho qhov muag, suav nrog cov iav koob yees duab, cov tsom iav me me, cov tshuab microscopes, thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho qhov muag. Cov tshuab microscopes, tshwj xeeb, xav tau cov iav uas muaj qhov zoo tshaj plaws kho qhov muag kom ua rau muaj qhov loj dua thiab kev daws teeb meem siab.
Feem ntau cov iav tsom iav muaj ntau txheej uas teeb tsa kom pom kev loj dua thiab kho qhov tsis zoo ntawm lub teeb. Cov iav zoo ua kom lub teeb ci ntsa iab hla cov iav no tsis tawg lossis tsis zoo, ua kom cov duab pom tseeb thiab meej.
Xaus
Kev tsim cov iav kho qhov muag rau cov tsom iav thiab cov tshuab microscopes yog ib qho txheej txheem nyuaj uas yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo saib xyuas kom meej thiab tswj xyuas kom zoo. Txij li kev xaiv thiab sib tov cov khoom siv raw mus rau kev yaj, kev tsim, thiab kev txheej txheej kawg, txhua kauj ruam yuav tsum tau ua tiav nrog kev ua tib zoo kom tsim tau cov khoom zoo.
Yog tias peb nkag siab zoo txog cov txheej txheem no, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab txog qib kev txawj thiab thev naus laus zis uas xav tau los tsim cov iav kho qhov muag, uas yog lub plawv ntawm ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis thiab kev siv tshuab uas peb nyiam txhua hnub. Cov iav kho qhov muag ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho ntau yam, suav nrog kev thaij duab, kev tshawb fawb, thiab kev siv tshuab kho mob, qhib lub qhov rooj rau kev paub ntxiv thiab kev tsim kho tshiab.
