Kev siv tshuab tsim iav nrog kev tiv thaiv cov yam ntxwv tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab
Iav yog ib yam khoom siv uas paub zoo heev hauv lub neej niaj hnub no: siv rau hauv cov qhov rai hauv tsev, cov tsev siab, cov ntxaij vab tshaus smartphone, tsheb, thiab txawm tias cov khoom siv kho qhov muag. Tab sis tom qab nws qhov pom tseeb thiab "tsis yooj yim tawg", iav tuaj yeem tsim kom muaj zog dua thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb dua. Kev txhim kho hauv kev tsim khoom siv iav tam sim no tsis yog tsuas yog tsom mus rau kev zoo nkauj thiab pob tshab xwb, tab sis kuj tseem tsom mus rau kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj xws li kev cuam tshuam, khawb, siab, thiab kev hloov pauv sai sai. Los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev tsim khoom, cov txheej txheem thermal, kev kho tshuaj, thiab cov qauv tsim cov txheej txheem, iav tuaj yeem ua tiav kev tiv thaiv ze rau qhov xav tau ntawm cov lag luam muaj kev pheej hmoo siab.
1. Vim li cas iav thiaj yooj yim raug puas tsuaj los ntawm kev siv tshuab?
Iav yog ib yam khoom uas tsis muaj duab (tsis muaj cov qauv crystalline li qub). Cov yam ntxwv no muab kev pom tseeb siab, tab sis kuj ua rau iav rhiab rau cov qhov me me ntawm nws qhov chaw. Cov khawb me me, cov qhov me me, lossis cov kab nrib pleb me me tuaj yeem pib tawg thaum lub iav raug kev ntxhov siab. Vim tias iav muaj qhov tawg tsawg dua piv rau cov hlau, cov kab nrib pleb tuaj yeem nthuav dav sai thiab ua rau tawg tam sim ntawd.
Kev puas tsuaj rau iav feem ntau yog muab faib ua ntau hom:
– Cov khawb (kev sib txhuam/kos): feem ntau yog los ntawm cov khoom tawv xws li xuab zeb, hmoov av quartz, lossis kev sib chwv nrog cov khoom hlau.
- Kev tawg ntawm qhov sib tsoo: piv txwv li, raug pob zeb tsoo thaum lub tsheb tab tom txav mus los, lossis lub cuab yeej raug poob.
- Kev tawg vim yog khoov lossis nias: feem ntau tshwm sim hauv cov iav loj lossis cov iav qauv.
- Kev ua tsis tiav vim muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab kub: kev hloov pauv kub sai tuaj yeem ua rau cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab hauv lub khob hnyav dua.
Yuav kom kov yeej qhov no, cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no tau tsim cov iav uas muaj peev xwm tswj kev ntxhov siab, tiv thaiv kev tawg, thiab tiv thaiv cov nplaim ntawm kev puas tsuaj.
2. Cov theem yooj yim ntawm kev ua iav: lub hauv paus zoo ntawm kev kho tshuab
Ua ntej tham txog cov yam ntxwv tiv thaiv, qhov zoo ntawm iav feem ntau yog txiav txim siab los ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim khoom thawj zaug. Feem ntau, iav silicate yog ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm silica (SiO₂), soda tshauv (Na₂CO₃), thiab limestone (CaCO₃), nrog rau lwm yam khoom ntxiv los kho qhov viscosity, xim, lossis cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Cov khoom sib xyaw yog yaj ntawm qhov kub siab (kwv yees li 1.400–1.600 ° C), tom qab ntawd tsim ua daim ntawv, lub raj mis, lossis lwm yam duab.
Rau cov iav vaj tse, txoj kev siv ntau tshaj plaws yog cov iav ntab, qhov twg cov iav yaj raug ntws hla qhov chaw tin yaj, ua rau daim ntawv tiaj tus. Qhov chaw du no yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias nws txo qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw, ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab nrib pleb. Tom qab ntawd, cov iav feem ntau raug annealed (tswj kev txias) kom txo cov kev ntxhov siab sab hauv.
Txawm li cas los xij, cov iav ntab txheem tseem tsis tau muaj zog txaus rau ntau daim ntawv thov niaj hnub no. Qhov no yog qhov uas thev naus laus zis txhawb zog los ua.
3. Kev txhawb zog thermal: iav tempered thiab iav kub-strengthened
Ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem siv dav tshaj plaws rau kev ua kom lub zog kho tshuab muaj zog yog tempering, lossis thermal strengthening. Cov txheej txheem no suav nrog kev ua kom lub iav sov kom ze rau nws qhov kub mos thiab tom qab ntawd txias nws sai sai (quenching nws) siv cov cua ntws. Qhov kev txias sai no ua rau qhov chaw ntawm lub iav khov ua ntej sab hauv, ua rau:
- Kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw
- Kev ntxhov siab tensile hauv lub cev
Kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov chaw yog qhov zoo vim tias feem ntau cov kab nrib pleb pib ntawm qhov chaw. Yuav kom ua rau qhov tawg loj dua, yuav tsum muaj kev ntxhov siab tensile; txawm li cas los xij, vim tias qhov chaw nyob hauv qab kev nyuaj siab, cov kab nrib pleb nyuaj rau qhib. Yog li ntawd, iav tempered tuaj yeem muaj lub zog flexural ntau dua li iav ib txwm muaj, nrog rau kev tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntau dua.
Kuj tseem muaj iav uas ua kom muaj zog los ntawm cua sov, ib qho txheej txheem zoo sib xws tab sis txias qeeb dua li iav tempered. Hom iav no muaj zog dua li iav annealed, tab sis tsis muaj zog npaum li iav tempered. Nws qhov zoo yog qhov tsis pom kev zoo dua li iav tempered, ua rau nws tsim nyog rau kev tsim kho lub ntsej muag uas xav tau qhov zoo ntawm qhov muag.
Los ntawm qhov kev nyab xeeb, cov iav tempered kuj muaj tus qauv tawg tshwj xeeb: nws tawg ua tej daim me me, tsis ntse npaum li cov daim loj dua. Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov ntawv thov uas xav kom cov iav nyob ruaj khov tom qab tawg, feem ntau xaiv cov txheej txheem lamination.
4. Cov iav laminated: tiv taus kev tawg thiab ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv
Cov iav laminated yog ua los ntawm kev sib txuas ob lossis ntau daim iav ua ke siv cov txheej polymer (interlayer) xws li PVB (polyvinyl butyral), EVA, lossis ionoplast (piv txwv li, SGP). Cov txheej no ua haujlwm ua "kua nplaum" thiab kuj nqus cov zog cuam tshuam.
Cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm cov iav laminated hauv kev tiv thaiv tshuab yog:
- Tiv thaiv cov khoom tawg kom tsis txhob tawg, ua rau muaj kev nyab xeeb ntxiv.
- Ua kom muaj kev tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam ntau dua, vim tias lub zog raug nqus los ntawm cov txheej nruab nrab.
- Tiv thaiv kev nkag mus, yog li nws feem ntau siv rau hauv cov iav kev nyab xeeb, cov iav tiv thaiv kev ua phem, thiab txawm tias cov iav tiv taus mos txwv (nrog cov qauv txheej txheem nyuaj dua).
Hauv cov qauv tsim niaj hnub no, cov iav laminated feem ntau yog sib xyaw nrog cov iav tempered: piv txwv li, ob daim ntawv iav tempered laminated ua ke. Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no tsim ib lub vaj huam sib luag uas muaj zog thiab muaj kev nyab xeeb yog tias muaj kev puas tsuaj.
5. Tshuaj lom neeg ua kom muaj zog: iav muaj zog dua yam tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam loj.
Rau cov iav nyias nyias, xws li cov xov tooj ntawm tes, cov moos, thiab cov khoom siv kho qhov muag, kev ua kom muaj zog los ntawm cua sov qee zaum tsis zoo vim muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev cuam tshuam lossis kev txwv qhov ntev. Cov kev daws teeb meem yog kev ua kom muaj zog los ntawm kev sib pauv ion.
Hauv txoj kev no, iav (feem ntau yog aluminosilicate) raug muab tso rau hauv cov ntsev uas yaj, xws li potassium nitrate (KNO₃), ntawm qhov kub tshwj xeeb. Sodium ions (Na⁺) ntawm qhov chaw iav raug pauv rau cov potassium ions loj dua (K⁺). Vim tias qhov chaw hauv cov qauv iav muaj tsawg, kev qhia txog cov ions loj dua tsim cov kev ntxhov siab siab ntawm qhov chaw, zoo ib yam li cov nyhuv ntawm tempering tab sis nrog kev tswj hwm zoo heev thiab haum rau iav nyias.
Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv tshuaj lom neeg ua kom muaj zog:
- Kev tiv thaiv kev tawg los ntawm cov khawb me me tau nce ntxiv ntau heev.
- Qhov saum npoo tseem du thiab meej heev.
- Haum rau cov duab nyuaj thiab cov tuab nyias.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg no yog lub hauv paus ntawm ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv niaj hnub no.
6. Kev siv tshuab txheej: kev tiv thaiv los ntawm kev khawb thiab kev puas tsuaj
Kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub tshuab tsis yog ib txwm ua rau tawg; qee zaum nws ua rau qhov zoo ntawm cov khoom poob qis vim yog khawb ntawm qhov chaw. Vim li no, ntau yam txheej txheem tau tsim los ua kom qhov chaw tawv dua thiab txo qhov sib txhuam.
Qee cov kev qhia uas siv ntau:
- Txheej tawv ua los ntawm silica lossis hlau oxide uas tuaj yeem ua rau kom tsis txhob puas.
- Txheej txheej tiv thaiv khawb organic-inorganic (hybrid sol-gel) uas muab ib txheej tawv tab sis pom tseeb.
- Cov txheej tiv thaiv kev cuam tshuam thiab tiv thaiv kev txhuam ua ke los tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub qhov muag thaum txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev khawb vim yog kev ntxuav ntau zaus.
Cov txheej txheem tso txheej sib txawv, xws li sputtering (PVD), CVD, lossis sol-gel dip coating, nyob ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau tuab, lub zog lo, thiab cov nqi tsim khoom.
7. Kev tsim cov khoom sib xyaw: iav uas tawv dua los ntawm sab hauv
Ntxiv rau kev kho qhov chaw, cov khoom siv iav tuaj yeem ua kom zoo dua los txhim kho lub zog kho tshuab. Piv txwv li, iav aluminosilicate muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo ntawm lub zog thiab kev ruaj khov tshuaj lom neeg. Kev ntxiv qee cov oxides tuaj yeem ua rau lub network iav tawv dua, txo qhov kev nyiam tawg, lossis txhim kho nws cov lus teb rau cov txheej txheem pauv ion.
Hauv kev lag luam, kev tsim kho vaj tse yeej ib txwm muaj kev sib pauv: iav uas tawv dhau tuaj yeem nyuaj rau ua, xav tau qhov kub siab dua, lossis kim dua. Yog li ntawd, cov chaw tsim khoom feem ntau sib npaug kev ua haujlwm kho tshuab nrog lub peev xwm tsim khoom ntau.
8. Kev tsim qauv thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo: txiav txim siab txog cov yam ntxwv uas ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj
Kev siv tshuab tiv thaiv tsis yog tsuas yog hais txog cov ntaub ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj yog hais txog kev tsim qauv thiab kev tswj hwm kev tsim khoom:
– Kev tswj qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov chaw: kev txiav, kev sib tsoo thiab kev txhuam ntug yog qhov tseem ceeb heev vim tias cov kab nrib pleb feem ntau pib los ntawm ntug ntawm lub iav.
- Qhov zoo ntawm ntug (ntug tiav): cov npoo polished thiab trimmed ua rau lub zog ntawm lub iav vaj huam sib luag ntau dua.
- Kev sim cuam tshuam thiab kev sim tawg: xyuas kom meej tias cov iav tempered tawg raws li cov qauv kev nyab xeeb.
- Kev sim ua kom cov laminate lo thiab tiv taus kev laus: xyuas kom meej tias cov interlayer tsis yooj yim rau daj lossis delaminate.
Hauv cov tsev thiab cov tsheb, kev tsim qauv mounting kuj ua lub luag haujlwm: cov gaskets, sealants thiab cov txheej txheem framing kom zoo tuaj yeem tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab uas ua rau tawg.
9. Cov ntawv thov: los ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev mus rau cov khoom siv tes ua
Iav nrog kev tiv thaiv txhua yam siv ntau zuj zus:
– Lub tsev: lub ntsej muag pem hauv ntej, lub ru tsev saum ru tsev, lub qhov rais saum ru tsev, laj kab iav, thiab pem teb iav siv cov khoom siv tempered/laminated kom muaj kev nyab xeeb.
- Tsheb: cov iav pem hauv ntej feem ntau yog laminated (kom tiv thaiv kev tawg), thaum cov qhov rai sab feem ntau yog tempered.
– Khoom siv hluav taws xob: iav nyias nyias yog tshuaj lom neeg muaj zog thiab coated nrog ib txheej tiv taus khawb.
- Kev lag luam thiab kev ruaj ntseg: iav uas tsis tawg lossis tsis nkag mus siv cov txheej txheem ntau txheej thiab cov txheej txheem sib txuas ua ke.
Xaus
Cov thev naus laus zis tsim iav nrog kev tiv thaiv kev puas tsuaj yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm ntau yam kev kawm: cov khoom siv chemistry, kev tsim kho txheej txheem, kev tsim qauv, thiab kev tswj xyuas zoo. Kev ua kom muaj zog thermal (tempering / heat-strengthening) ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv rau kev cuam tshuam thiab cov khoom thauj, lamination ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tiv thaiv cov khoom tawg los ntawm kev tawg, kev ua kom muaj zog tshuaj lom neeg ua rau lub ntsej muag iav nyias nyias zoo meej, thaum cov txheej txheem thiab kev tsim khoom sib xyaw ua rau muaj kev tiv thaiv rau kev khawb thiab cov kab nrib pleb me me. Nrog kev tsim kho tshiab tas mus li, iav tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom siv ntshiab xwb, tab sis yog cov khoom siv txhim khu kev qha thiab kev tiv thaiv rau ntau yam kev xav tau niaj hnub no.
