Hom Colloids: Los ntawm Aerosols mus rau Emulsions
Ib lub colloid yog ib lub tshuab dispersion uas cov khoom me me raug dispersed hauv ib qho nruab nrab tas mus li. Cov khoom me me no loj dua cov molecule tab sis me txaus kom nyob twj ywm thiab tsis tawm ntawm lawv tus kheej. Colloids ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam xwm txheej ntuj tsim thiab hauv ntau yam kev siv tshuab thiab kev lag luam. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tham txog ntau hom colloids, lawv tsim li cas, thiab lawv cov ntawv thov thiab cov yam ntxwv.
Kev Taw Qhia Txog Colloids
Ua ntej peb tham txog cov hom colloids, peb yuav tsum nkag siab tias colloid yog dab tsi thiab nws txawv li cas ntawm cov kua tiag tiag thiab cov kua dej uas muaj kua. Hauv cov kua tiag tiag, cov kua yaj tag nrho hauv cov kua, tsim cov khoom sib xyaw uas tuaj yeem pom txawm tias siv lub tshuab microscope niaj hnub no. Qhov sib txawv, hauv cov kua dej uas muaj kua, cov khoom me me loj txaus uas lawv yaj sai yog tias cov khoom sib xyaw tsis tau sib xyaw.
Cov colloids poob qhov twg ntawm ob qho xwm txheej no. Lawv muaj cov khoom me me ntawm 1 thiab 1000 nanometers hauv qhov loj me uas tau faib sib npaug thoob plaws hauv cov khoom sib cais. Cov khoom me me colloidal no tsis nyob hauv av vim yog Brownian motion, qhov kev txav mus los ntawm cov khoom me me uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib tsoo ntawm cov molecules hauv cov khoom sib cais.
Hom Colloids Raws Li Theem Kev Tawg Tawm Thiab Cov Nruab Nrab Kev Tawg Tawm
Cov colloids tuaj yeem faib ua pawg raws li theem ntawm cov khoom tawg thiab cov khoom nruab nrab tawg. Nov yog qee hom colloids uas siv ntau:
1. Tshuaj tsuag
Cov pa tshuaj muaj cov khoom me me lossis cov kua dej uas tawg ua pa hauv cov pa roj. Cov piv txwv ntawm cov pa tshuaj muaj xws li:
– Cov pa roj khov: Cov hmoov av hauv huab cua, cov pa luam yeeb los ntawm kev hlawv cov organic, thiab cov hmoov av roob hluav taws yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov khoom khov uas tawg ua pa hauv cov roj.
- Cov kua aerosols: Cov pos huab, huab cua, thiab cov tshuaj tsuag yog cov piv txwv uas cov dej tee lossis lwm yam kua dej tau tawg mus rau hauv huab cua.
Cov pa phem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv huab cua ntawm lub ntiaj teb, cuam tshuam rau huab cua thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm tib neeg. Piv txwv li, cov pa phem hauv huab cua tuaj yeem ua rau muaj mob ua pa.
2. Hnub
Ib qho sol yog ib qho colloid uas cov khoom khov kho tau tawg ua kua nruab nrab. Raws li qhov nruab nrab tawg, cov sols tuaj yeem faib ua:
– Cov av uas tsis muaj dej: Cov khoom me me no muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog dej heev. Piv txwv li: ib qho gel uas muaj agar hauv dej.
– Cov av uas tsis muaj dej: Cov khoom me me no tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog dej thiab feem ntau xav tau tus neeg sawv cev uas ua kom ruaj khov. Piv txwv li: cov polymer uas nyob hauv dej, xws li xim pleev.
Cov kua qaub muaj ntau daim ntawv thov hauv kev siv tshuab ntaub ntawv thiab biology. Piv txwv li, cov kua mem luam ntawv yog cov kua qaub siv los luam cov ntaub ntawv.
3. Gel
Ib lub gel yog ib lub cev colloidal uas cov khoom khov ua ib lub network uas nqus tau ntau cov kua dej. Piv txwv li:
- Cov gels hauv dej: Agar-agar hauv dej, gelatin, thiab pectin hauv jams thiab jellies.
- Cov gels hauv cov organic solvents: Cov gels siv rau hauv cov tshuaj pleev ib ce lossis cov khoom siv tshuaj.
Cov tshuaj gel feem ntau siv rau hauv cov khoom noj, cov tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab cov tshuaj. Piv txwv li, cov hydrogels siv rau hauv cov iav tsom iav lossis cov ntaub qhwv kom tso cov tshuaj tawm thiab tswj cov tawv nqaij kom noo.
4. Cov tshuaj pleev xim
Ib qho emulsion yog ib qho colloid uas tsim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ob yam kua uas feem ntau tsis sib xyaw (xws li roj thiab dej) tau sib xyaw ua ke. Txhawm rau kom muaj kev ruaj khov, feem ntau siv cov emulsifier. Raws li cov kua uas tau sib xyaw thiab cov khoom sib xyaw, cov emulsions tuaj yeem faib ua:
– Roj-hauv-dej (O/W) emulsion: Cov roj uas yaj hauv dej. Piv txwv li: mis nyuj thiab mayonnaise.
– Dej hauv roj (W/O) emulsion: Dej yaj hauv roj. Piv txwv li: butter thiab margarine.
Cov tshuaj emulsions yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam khoom noj, tshuaj pleev ib ce, thiab tshuaj. Piv txwv li, cov tshuaj pleev tawv nqaij yog cov tshuaj emulsions uas pab ua kom noo thiab tiv thaiv tawv nqaij.
5. Ua npuas ncauj
Ua npuas ncauj yog ib qho colloid uas tsim thaum ib qho roj raug tawg ua kua lossis khoom khov. Raws li theem ntawm cov khoom nruab nrab tawg, ua npuas ncauj tuaj yeem faib ua:
– Ua npuas dej ua kua: Cov roj nyob hauv cov kua, xws li ua npuas xab npum lossis mis nyuj whipped cream.
– Ua npuas ncauj khov: Cov roj nyob rau hauv ib qho khoom khov, xws li ua npuas ncauj polyurethane lossis wafer biscuits.
Ua npuas dej feem ntau siv rau ntau yam kev siv, txij li kev ua noj ua haus mus txog rau cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim kho. Piv txwv li, ua npuas dej polyurethane feem ntau siv los ua cov khoom rwb thaiv tsev kub hauv cov tsev.
6. Cov Theem Dispersed hauv Cov Khoom Kho Mob
Hom colloid no muaj cov khoom khov lossis cov kua dej uas tawg ua tej daim me me. Piv txwv li:
– Cov khoom khov: Cov hlau muaj nqis uas tawg ua lwm yam hlau, xws li cov hlau kub.
– Cov khoom emulsion khov: Cov tee dej hauv cov khoom khov, xws li opal, uas tsim cov xim zoo nkauj.
Cov theem tawg hauv cov khoom khov muaj ntau yam kev siv hauv cov khoom siv thev naus laus zis, xws li cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke uas muaj zog tab sis tsis hnyav rau kev siv hauv dav hlau.
Cov Ntawv Thov thiab Qhov Tseem Ceeb ntawm Colloids
Kev nkag siab txog cov colloids yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv ntau yam ntawm lub neej thiab thev naus laus zis:
– Kev Lag Luam Khoom Noj: Cov colloids ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov qauv, kev ruaj khov, thiab saj ntawm cov khoom noj. Piv txwv li, kev ruaj khov ntawm ice cream yog cuam tshuam los ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam colloidal ntawm cov rog thiab dej.
- Tshuaj: Cov colloids siv rau ntau yam kev siv kho mob, xws li hauv cov tshuaj intravenous lossis ua lub hauv paus hauv cov tshuaj pleev thiab tshuaj pleev.
– Kev Siv Tshuab Khoom Siv: Cov colloids yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv tshiab nrog cov khoom tshwj xeeb, xws li cov ntaub ntawv siv hauv nanotechnology.
Xaus
Cov colloids yog cov txheej txheem dispersion tseem ceeb uas tshwm sim hauv ntau hom thiab ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntau qhov chaw, los ntawm cov khoom noj mus rau cov khoom siv high-tech. Los ntawm kev nkag siab txog ntau hom colloids thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv, peb tuaj yeem siv lawv cov khoom tshwj xeeb rau kev siv tau zoo hauv kev lag luam, tshuaj, thiab lub neej txhua hnub. Los ntawm aerosols mus rau emulsions, lub ntiaj teb ntawm colloids yog puv nrog ntau qhov tsis kawg thiab kev tsim kho tshiab.
