Kev faib tawm ntawm cov pob zeb raws li cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg
Cov zaub mov yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub plhaub, uas muaj cov qauv crystalline uas tshwm sim hauv ntuj. Lawv raug muab faib ua pawg raws li lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov qauv crystal. Hauv tsab xov xwm no, peb yuav tshawb nrhiav kev faib cov zaub mov raws li lawv cov tshuaj lom neeg.
1. Silicate
Silicates yog pawg loj tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov zaub mov, ua rau kwv yees li 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb lub plhaub. Lawv muaj silica (SiO₂), qee zaum ua ke nrog lwm cov hlau ions. Silicates kuj txawv ntxiv los ntawm lawv cov qauv SiO₄ tetrahedral, uas ua rau muaj ntau yam kev faib tawm sab hauv.
– Nesosilicates: Cov zaub mov uas muaj tetrahedrons ywj pheej. Piv txwv li feem ntau yog olivine thiab garnet.
– Sorosilicates: Ob chav tetrahedrons uas sib koom ib lub atom oxygen. Epidote yog ib qho piv txwv zoo.
– Inosilicates: Muaj xws li cov qauv ib txoj saw thiab ob txoj saw ntawm SiO₄ tetrahedron. Piv txwv li suav nrog pyroxene (ib txoj saw) thiab amphibole (ob txoj saw).
– Phyllosilicate: Cov qauv ntawv ntawm SiO₄ tetrahedrons, xws li mica thiab serpentine.
– Tectosilicate: Ib lub qauv ntawm cov tetrahedrons sib txuas, xws li quartz thiab feldspar.
2. Cov pa roj carbon
Cov zaub mov carbonate yog cov zaub mov uas muaj cov carbonate anion (CO₃²⁻). Lawv tsim los ntawm kev tso dej hauv cov dej thiab yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm limestone thiab marble.
– Pawg Calcite: Muaj calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), piv txwv zoo yog calcite thiab aragonite.
– Pawg Dolomite: Muaj calcium thiab magnesium carbonate (CaMg(CO₃)₂). Dolomite yog piv txwv tseem ceeb.
3. Oxide
Cov pob zeb oxide yog tsim los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm cov hlau thiab cov pa oxygen. Lawv feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hlau ores.
- Yooj yim: muaj ib qho hlau thiab ib qho oxygen, xws li hematite (Fe₂O₃) thiab magnetite (Fe₃O₄).
– Cov hlau sib xyaw ua ke: muaj ntau tshaj ib hom hlau, xws li spinel (MgAl₂O₄).
4. Sulfide
Cov tshuaj sulfides yog cov zaub mov uas muaj ib lossis ntau yam hlau sib txuas nrog cov tshuaj sulfur. Lawv yog cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam hlau, suav nrog zinc, lead, thiab hlau.
– Pyrite: FeS₂ yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov pob zeb sulfide uas tseem hu ua "kub ruam" vim nws zoo ib yam li kub.
– Galena: PbS yog cov hlau lead tseem ceeb.
5. Sulfate
Cov zaub mov sulfate yog cov zaub mov uas muaj cov sulfate anion (SO₄²⁻). Lawv feem ntau tsim los ntawm kev nag los ntawm cov kua dej hauv cov chaw qhuav.
– Barite: BaSO₄ yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov pob zeb sulfate siv rau hauv ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam.
– Gypsum: CaSO₄·2H₂O yog ib qho mineral tseem ceeb uas siv rau hauv kev tsim cov plaster thiab gypsum board.
6. Phosphate
Cov zaub mov phosphate muaj cov phosphate anions (PO₄³⁻). Lawv feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv pob zeb phosphate, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov phosphorus, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb rau ntau yam kev siv, suav nrog cov chiv.
– Apatite: Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F, Cl, OH) yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov pob zeb phosphate thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov pob txha thiab cov hniav vertebrate.
7. Cov Halides
Cov zaub mov Halide muaj cov halogen anions xws li fluorine, chlorine, bromine, lossis iodine, sib txuas nrog alkali lossis alkaline earth hlau.
– Fluorite: CaF₂ yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov pob zeb halide uas feem ntau siv hauv kev lag luam tsim iav thiab ua cov kua dej hauv kev smelting hlau.
– Halite: NaCl, tseem hu ua ntsev pob zeb, yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas siv dav hauv tib neeg kev noj thiab ntau yam kev siv hauv kev lag luam.
8. Cov Khoom Uas Muaj Los Ntawm Ntuj
Muaj tej yam minerals uas muaj ib yam khoom dawb huv thiab pom muaj nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso. Cov no feem ntau yog cov khoom qub.
- Kub (Au)
- Tooj liab (Cu)
– Graphite thiab Pob Zeb Diamond (C)
9. Borate
Cov zaub mov Borate muaj cov borate anion (BO₃³⁻ lossis B₂O₅⁴⁻) thiab feem ntau yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov chaw sedimentary lossis evaporitic.
– Borax: Na₂[B₄O₅(OH)₄]·8H₂O, siv rau ntau yam kev siv los ntawm cov tshuaj ntxuav tes mus rau cov khoom rwb thaiv tsev fiberglass.
– Kernite: Na₂B₄O₆(OH)₂·3H₂O, siv rau hauv kev tsim cov iav borosilicate.
10. Nitrate
Cov zaub mov nitrate muaj cov nitrate anion (NO₃⁻). Lawv feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv cov chaw qhuav thiab semi-arid.
– Nitrate: Xws li niter (KNO₃), uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm potassium thiab nitrogen hauv cov chiv.
11. Tungstate thiab Molybdate
Cov zaub mov tungstate thiab molybdate koom nrog pawg ntawm cov ntsev sib xyaw ntawm cov tshuaj sib xyaw ntawm tungsten (W) thiab molybdenum (Mo) nrog oxygen.
– Scheelite: CaWO₄ yog cov tungsten tseem ceeb uas siv rau hauv kev tsim cov tungsten.
- Wulfenite: Pb(MoO₄) yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm molybdate ntxhia.
Xaus
Kev faib cov zaub mov raws li cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg muab kev paub tob txog ntau haiv neeg thiab cov txheej txheem geological uas tsim peb lub ntiaj teb. Kev nkag siab txog qhov kev faib tawm no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb geological thiab cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb xwb tab sis kuj tseem ceeb rau ntau yam lag luam uas vam khom cov peev txheej zaub mov. Txij li cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho mus rau cov thev naus laus zis siab heev, cov zaub mov tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv peb lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.
Xav txog qhov muaj ntau hom minerals thiab lawv lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, kev tshawb fawb ntxiv thiab kev nkag siab zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev txuag thiab siv cov peev txheej minerals kom ruaj khov.
