Cov Lus Nug Piv Txwv Sib Tham Txog Lub Npe ntawm Cov Organic Compounds
Kev tshuaj lom neeg organic yog ib ceg ntawm chemistry uas kawm txog cov qauv, cov khoom, cov khoom sib xyaw, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab kev tsim cov pa roj carbon, cov molecules tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej. Hauv kev tshuaj lom neeg organic, kev muab lub npe rau ib qho tshuaj tsis yog qhov tsis muaj kev txwv. Muaj cov cai txheem hu ua IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) Nomenclature uas siv los muab lub npe rau cov tshuaj lom neeg organic no. Tsab xov xwm no yuav tham txog ntau qhov teeb meem piv txwv thiab lawv cov kev sib tham txog kev muab lub npe rau cov tshuaj lom neeg organic raws li IUPAC cov cai.
Kev Taw Qhia Txog Organic Compound Nomenclature
Ua ntej peb yuav tham txog cov lus nug no, nws yog ib lub tswv yim zoo los saib cov cai yooj yim rau kev teev cov organic compounds:
1. Kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov saw hlau tseem ceeb: Cov saw hlau carbon ntev tshaj plaws uas muaj cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb.
2. Kev suav tus lej ntawm cov pa roj carbon hauv cov saw hlau tseem ceeb: Kev suav tus lej yog ua kom pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb tau txais tus lej qis tshaj plaws.
3. Kev muab lub npe rau cov hloov pauv: Cov pab pawg hloov pauv uas txuas nrog rau cov saw hlau tseem ceeb raug muab lub npe thiab muab tso rau raws li tus lej ntawm cov pa roj carbon uas lawv txuas nrog.
4. Yog tias muaj ntau tshaj ib qho hloov pauv, lawv raug teeb tsa raws li cov tsiaj ntawv, thiab yog tias muaj ntau tshaj ib qho hloov pauv ntawm tib hom, siv cov lus ua ntej di-, tri-, tetra-, thiab lwm yam.
Cov Lus Nug Piv Txwv thiab Kev Sib Tham
Lo lus nug thib 1
Muab lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
Kev Sib Tham:
1. Txheeb xyuas cov saw hlau carbon ntev tshaj plaws: Peb muaj cov saw hlau carbon ntev tshaj plaws nrog 6 cov carbon atoms, yog li nws yog cov saw hlau tseem ceeb.
2. Pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb: Ntawm no peb pom pawg cawv (-OH) ntawm tus lej carbon 2.
3. Kev suav lej ntawm cov saw hlau tseem ceeb: Kev suav lej pib ntawm qhov kawg ze tshaj plaws rau pawg -OH kom -OH nyob rau ntawm tus lej carbon 2.
4. Lwm cov hloov pauv: Muaj ib pawg methyl (-CH₃) ntawm tus lej carbon 4.
Lub npe IUPAC: 4-methylhexane-2-ol
Lo lus nug thib 2
Muab lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
Kev Sib Tham:
1. Txheeb xyuas cov saw hlau carbon ntev tshaj plaws uas suav nrog pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb: cov saw hlau carbon ntev tshaj plaws muaj 7 lub atoms.
2. Pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb: Peb pom pawg carboxylic (carboxylic acid) nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm cov saw hlau.
3. Kev suav lej ntawm cov saw hlau: Kev suav lej pib ntawm qhov kawg uas muaj pawg carboxylate.
4. Lwm cov hloov pauv: Muaj ib pawg ethyl (-C₂H₅) ntawm tus lej carbon 3.
Lub npe IUPAC: 3-ethylheptanoate
Lo lus nug thib 3
Txheeb xyuas lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
Kev Sib Tham:
1. Txheeb xyuas cov saw hlau carbon ntev tshaj plaws uas muaj kev hloov pauv loj tshaj plaws (cov saw hlau hauv paus: 5 cov carbon atoms).
2. Pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb: Tsis muaj raws li pom, tsom mus rau cov hloov pauv.
3. Kev suav lej ntawm qhov kawg ze tshaj plaws rau qhov hloov pauv tseem ceeb.
4. Lwm cov hloov pauv: muaj cov pab pawg chloro (-Cl) ntawm cov lej carbon 2 thiab 4.
Lub npe IUPAC: 2,4-dichloro-pentane
Lo lus nug thib 4
Lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no:
Kev Sib Tham:
1. Cov saw hlau carbon ntev tshaj plaws (muaj 3 lub carbon atoms).
2. Pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb: Pawg cawv (-OH) ntawm tus lej carbon 1.
3. Tsis muaj lwm yam hloov pauv.
IUPAC lub npe: propan-1-ol
Lo lus nug thib 5
Muab lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj cyclic hauv qab no:
Kev Sib Tham:
1. Cov qauv cyclic yooj yim: Cyclohexane (6 carbon atoms).
2. Cov pab pawg ua haujlwm tseem ceeb: Pawg cawv (-OH) ntawm tus lej carbon 1 thiab ethyl ntawm tus lej carbon 4.
3. Sau cov npe ntawm lwm cov substituents hauv lub cyclic.
Lub npe IUPAC: 4-ethyl-cyclohexanol
Cov Lus Nug Ntxiv Txog Kev Xyaum
Yuav kom koj nkag siab tob dua, ntawm no yog qee cov lus nug ntxiv uas koj tuaj yeem sim:
1. Lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no yog dab tsi? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-OH
2. Muab lub npe IUPAC ntawm: CH₃-CH₂-CHO
3. Txheeb xyuas lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no: CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂-COOH
4. Lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj hauv qab no yog dab tsi? CH₃-CH₂-CH₂-COCl
5. Muab lub npe IUPAC ntawm cov tshuaj cyclic: C₆H₆ nrog ib qho methyl substituent (-CH₃).
Cov Ntsiab Lus ntawm Kev Muab Lub Npe Rau Cov Pab Pawg Ua Haujlwm Dav Dav
1. Alkanes: Tsuas muaj cov carbon-carbon (CC) σ bonds xwb.
2. Alkenes: Muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho kev sib txuas ob npaug (C = C).
3. Alkynes: Muaj tsawg kawg yog ib qho triple bond (C≡C).
4. Cawv: Muaj cov pab pawg hydroxyl functional (-OH).
5. Aldehydes: Muaj ib pawg formyl (-CHO).
6. Ketone: Muaj ib pawg carbonyl (C=O) uas muaj ob pawg alkyl nyob ib sab.
7. Carboxylic Acid: Muaj ib pawg carboxyl (–COOH).
8. Ester: Muaj ib pawg carbonyl (C=O) khi rau -OR.
Xaus
Kev nkag siab txog cov npe ntawm cov organic compound yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev sib txuas lus meej thiab zam kev tsis meej pem hauv kev kawm txog chemistry. Los ntawm kev xyaum ua lub npe rau cov tshuaj no raws li IUPAC cov cai, peb tuaj yeem nkag siab yooj yim dua thiab faib cov hom organic compounds uas peb ntsib. Tsab xov xwm no yog qhov pib zoo rau kev nkag siab tob dua txog lub ntiaj teb ntawm organic chemistry thiab nws cov npe. Txuas ntxiv xyaum nrog ntau yam teeb meem thiab kev tshawb nrhiav kom tob dua koj txoj kev nkag siab.
