Piv txwv ntawm Cov Lus Nug Sib Tham Txog Semiconductor
Pendahuluuan
Ib lub semiconductor yog ib yam khoom uas muaj hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tus conductor (xws li tooj liab) thiab ib lub insulator (xws li iav). Hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, semiconductors ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb vim lawv yog cov khoom siv yooj yim siv los tsim ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob, suav nrog diodes, transistors, thiab integrated circuits (ICs). Tsab xov xwm no yuav nthuav qhia ntau yam piv txwv ntawm cov teeb meem semiconductor los pab cov neeg nyeem kom nkag siab tob txog cov ncauj lus no.
1. Cov Qauv Siv Crystal Semiconductor
Lus Nug: Piav qhia txog cov qauv siv lead ua ntawm silicon semiconductors thiab cov nyhuv ntawm cov qauv no rau lawv cov khoom hluav taws xob.
Kev Sib Tham: Silicon semiconductors muaj cov qauv siv lead ua hu ua pob zeb diamond cubic crystal. Hauv cov qauv no, txhua lub silicon atom yog covalently bonded rau plaub lub silicon atoms nyob sib ze, tsim ib qho kev sib txuas ruaj khov heev. Qhov no piav qhia vim li cas silicon ntshiab muaj cov hluav taws xob qis ntawm chav tsev kub.
Qhov kev ua hluav taws xob ntawm silicon tuaj yeem nce ntxiv los ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom tsis huv (doping). Piv txwv li, kev ntxiv phosphorus (n-type doping) yuav ua rau muaj cov electrons dawb, thaum kev ntxiv boron (p-type doping) yuav tsim cov qhov uas ua haujlwm ua cov khoom nqa hluav taws xob zoo.
2. Kev Siv Tshuaj Doping Semiconductor
Lus Nug: Piav qhia qhov txawv ntawm n-hom doping thiab p-hom doping thiab lawv cov teebmeem rau semiconductor conductivity.
Kev Sib Tham: Doping yog txheej txheem ntawm kev ntxiv cov khoom tsis huv rau hauv lub semiconductor kom hloov nws cov khoom hluav taws xob. Hauv n-hom doping, cov atoms impurity ntxiv feem ntau muaj ntau cov electrons valence dua li silicon atoms (piv txwv li, phosphorus nrog 5 valence electrons). Cov electrons ntxiv no dhau los ua cov electrons dawb uas tuaj yeem pab txhawb rau kev ua hluav taws xob, yog li ua rau kev ua hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv nce ntxiv.
Qhov sib txawv, hauv p-hom doping, cov atoms impurity muaj tsawg dua valence electrons dua li silicon (piv txwv li, boron muaj 3 valence electrons). Qhov tsis muaj valence electrons tsim cov qhov uas ua haujlwm ua cov neeg nqa khoom them zoo. Cov qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib txuas lus ntau ntxiv los ntawm kev tso cai rau lub zog txav mus los ntawm cov siv lead ua.
3. Qhov Sib Txawv ntawm Band thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm
Lo lus nug: Piav qhia thiab piav qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm band thiab nws cuam tshuam li cas rau kev ua hluav taws xob ntawm cov semiconductors.
Kev Sib Tham: Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau (band gap) yog lub zog uas xav tau los txav cov electrons ntawm cov valence band mus rau cov conduction band. Cov semiconductors muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hlau me dua li cov insulators, tab sis qhov loj dua li cov conductors.
Hauv cov semiconductors, thaum cov electrons tau txais lub zog txaus (piv txwv li, los ntawm cua sov lossis photons), lawv tuaj yeem dhia hla qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab mus rau qhov sib txuas thiab dhau los ua cov electrons dawb uas tuaj yeem nqa hluav taws xob tam sim no. Qhov loj ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab txiav txim siab tias cov electrons tuaj yeem raug txhawb nqa rau qhov sib txuas yooj yim npaum li cas:
- Cov semiconductors uas muaj qhov sib txawv me me (xws li silicon, nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm ~ 1.1 eV) yooj yim dua rau kev coj tam sim no ntawm qhov kub qis dua.
- Cov semiconductors uas muaj qhov sib txawv loj (xws li gallium arsenide, nrog qhov sib txawv ntawm ~ 1.4 eV) xav tau lub zog ntau dua los ua conductive, tab sis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm tau zoo dua hauv qee qhov kev siv xws li lub teeb-emitting diodes (LEDs).
4. Transistor
Lus Nug: Transistor yog dab tsi thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas hauv cov ntawv thov hluav taws xob?
Kev Sib Tham: Ib lub transistor yog ib qho khoom siv semiconductor siv los ua kom nrov lossis hloov cov teeb liab hluav taws xob. Muaj ob hom transistors: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) thiab field-effect transistors (FETs).
Hauv BJT, muaj peb txheej ntawm p-hom thiab n-hom teeb tsa (npn lossis pnp). Cov hluav taws xob nkag mus rau hauv lub hauv paus (B) tswj cov dej ntws ntawm tus collector (C) thiab emitter (E). Lub caij no, hauv FET, qhov hluav taws xob siv rau lub rooj vag (G) tswj cov dej ntws ntawm lub qhov dej ntws (D) thiab qhov chaw (S).
Cov transistors tso cai rau kev ua kom lub teeb liab nrov vim tias kev hloov me me hauv qhov nkag (lub hauv paus lossis lub rooj vag) tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov loj hauv qhov tso zis (collector-emitter lossis drain-source). Qhov no ua rau transistors yog cov khoom tseem ceeb hauv cov hluav taws xob, suav nrog cov amplifiers thiab cov logic circuits.
5. Diode
Lus Nug: Lub luag haujlwm ntawm lub diode yog dab tsi thiab nws ua haujlwm li cas?
Kev Sib Tham: Lub diode yog ib qho khoom siv semiconductor uas tso cai rau cov hluav taws xob ntws mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia xwb. Lub diode muaj ib qho p-n junction, uas yog qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov khoom p-hom thiab n-hom. Thaum lub zog hluav taws xob raug siv rau hauv kev taw qhia mus tom ntej (anode rau cathode), tam sim no tuaj yeem ntws tau yooj yim. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias lub zog hluav taws xob raug siv rau hauv kev taw qhia rov qab (cathode rau anode), kev tiv thaiv siab yuav tiv thaiv kev ntws ntawm tam sim no.
Qhov no ua rau cov diodes muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov ntawv thov xws li kev kho kom raug (uas hloov pauv tam sim no mus rau tam sim no ncaj qha), kev tiv thaiv Circuit Court, thiab kev hloov teeb liab.
6. Cov Kev Siv ntawm Semiconductors hauv Electronics
Lo lus nug: Hais txog qee qhov kev siv ntawm semiconductors hauv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no thiab piav qhia lawv cov haujlwm.
Kev Sib Tham: Cov khoom siv semiconductors siv rau ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no suav nrog:
- Microprocessors thiab Memory: Kev siv cov transistors hauv cov integrated circuits (ICs) tso cai rau kev tsim cov microprocessors thiab memory chips uas nyuaj thiab ua haujlwm tau zoo.
- Cov Sensors: Cov sensors semiconductor tuaj yeem ntes tau ntau yam kev ntsuas lub cev xws li lub teeb (photodiodes), kub (thermistors), thiab siab (piezoelectric sensors).
– Lub Teeb Ci (LED): Qee cov khoom siv semiconductor tuaj yeem tso tawm lub teeb thaum muaj hluav taws xob ntws los ntawm lawv, uas siv rau hauv cov zaub, teeb, thiab cov cim qhia.
– Cov Cell Hnub Ci: Cov khoom siv semiconductor xws li silicon tsim cov hluav taws xob thaum raug tshav ntuj, uas yog siv rau hauv cov vaj huam sib luag hnub ci los tsim lub zog hluav taws xob.
Kev kaw
Kev nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm semiconductors thiab ntau yam teeb meem piv txwv uas tau tham txog yuav pab cov nyeem ntawv paub txog cov ntsiab lus thiab kev siv ntawm semiconductors hauv thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Tsab xov xwm no yuav muab kev nkag siab tob txog cov haujlwm, cov ntsiab cai ua haujlwm, thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm semiconductors hauv ntiaj teb ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
