Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Keeb Kwm hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab Pyramids: Rooj Vag Mus Rau Qhov Paub Tsis Tseeb Thaum Ub
Pendahuluuan
Tim Iyiv, ib lub tebchaws uas muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj, kab lis kev cai, thiab kev zoo nkauj, tau ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb, cov kws sau keeb kwm, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb nyiam ntev lawm. Hauv cov ntsiab lus txog kev tshawb nrhiav txog keeb kwm, tim Iyiv yog ib lub chaw muaj nqis uas tsis muaj qhov kawg. Lub tebchaws Iyiv thaum ub hu ua lub tebchaws ntawm cov vaj ntxwv thiab cov poj niam vajtswv poj niam, uas muaj ntau yam tsis paub meej uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshawb pom txog keeb kwm zoo kawg nkaus. Ib qho ntawm cov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas nyiam thoob plaws ntiaj teb yog cov pyramids. Raws li cov qauv zoo nkauj uas tsis muaj sijhawm thiab kev nkag siab ntawm tib neeg, cov pyramids ntawm tim Iyiv sawv cev rau qhov kev nce qib ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub sijhawm thaum ub.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Keeb Kwm hauv tebchaws Iziv: Lub Hauv Paus Tshawb Fawb
Kev tshawb nrhiav txog keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom qub hauv tebchaws Iziv pib thaum xyoo pua 19th, txawm hais tias kev txaus siab rau tebchaws Iziv thaum ub tau muaj ua ntej. Ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav txog keeb kwm ntawm cov khoom qub hauv tebchaws Iziv yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm Rosetta Pob Zeb los ntawm Napoleon Bonaparte hauv xyoo 1799. Lub pob zeb no tau qhia txog cov duab kos ntawm cov neeg Iziv uas tsis tau nkag siab ua ntej. Kev txhais cov lus ntawm Rosetta Pob Zeb los ntawm Jean-François Champollion hauv xyoo 1822 tau cim lub sijhawm hloov pauv tseem ceeb hauv kev nkag siab txog kab lis kev cai Iziv thaum ub.
Tau ntau tshaj ob puas xyoo, cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm tau khawb pom ntau txhiab yam khoom qub thiab cov qauv uas muab kev nkag siab tob dua rau hauv lub neej, kev ntseeg, thiab thev naus laus zis ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub. Kev tshawb fawb tau suav nrog kev khawb cov ntxa, cov tuam tsev, cov chaw nyob, thiab cov qauv tseem ceeb xws li cov pyramids. Txawm li cas los xij, cov pyramids tseem yog cov cim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev vam meej Iyiv thaum ub thiab yog qhov kev tshawb fawb tas mus li.
Cov Pyramids Iyiv: Cov Qauv Zoo Kawg Nkaus Uas Tiv Thaiv Lub Sijhawm
Ntawm 138 lub pyramids uas paub lawm, cov Pyramids ntawm Giza yog cov uas nto moo tshaj plaws. Lub Giza complex muaj peb lub pyramids tseem ceeb: cov Pyramids ntawm Khufu (Cheops), Khafre (Chephren), thiab Menkaure (Mycerinus). Ua nyob ib ncig ntawm 2580–2560 BC, lub Pyramid ntawm Khufu, tseem hu ua Great Pyramid ntawm Giza, yog lub tsev siab tshaj plaws uas tib neeg ua rau yuav luag 3.800 xyoo thiab tseem yog ib qho ntawm Xya Qhov Xav Tau ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Thaum Ub.
Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Keeb Kwm thiab Kev Tsim Kho
Lo lus nug txog seb cov pyramids tau tsim li cas tseem yog ib qho kev sib cav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb. Qee cov kev xav qhia tias cov pob zeb loj heev tau thauj mus los siv cov ntaiv thiab cov tshuab sledge. Kev tshawb pom cov ntaub ntawv papyrus ntawm Wadi el-Jarf piav qhia txog kev ua haujlwm thiab kev thauj mus los ntawm limestone los ntawm Tura mus rau Giza muab cov lus qhia tseem ceeb txog kev xa khoom thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov project loj no. Cov kev tshawb fawb no qhia txog cov kev ua tiav zoo kawg nkaus ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse thiab kev tswj hwm qhov project uas cov zej zog thaum ub muaj peev xwm ua tau.
Ntxiv rau lawv cov txheej txheem kev tsim vaj tsev, cov Pyramids ntawm Giza kuj ua rau muaj kev xav paub txog lub hom phiaj thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lawv cov qauv. Raws li lub ntxa rau cov pharaohs, cov pyramids qhia txog kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg Iyiv txog lub neej tom qab thiab kev taug kev ntawm tus ntsuj plig mus rau lub neej tom qab. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, cov pyramids yog cov cim ntawm sab ntsuj plig uas tsim los xyuas kom meej tias tus ntsuj plig ntawm pharaoh muaj sia nyob thiab lub luag haujlwm hauv lub neej tom qab.
Lub Neej Nyob Ib Ncigs Cov Pyramids
Cov kev khawb av hauv Giza tau tshawb pom lub zos ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim lub pyramid, muab cov kev nkag siab xav tsis thoob rau lub neej thiab kev teeb tsa hauv zej zog thaum ub ntawm Iyiv . Cov kev tshawb pom no suav nrog vaj tse, thaj chaw faus neeg, thiab chaw khaws khoom noj, qhia tias cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv lub pyramid tau txais kev kho mob zoo heev. Tsis zoo li daim duab ntawm kev ua haujlwm qhev uas feem ntau piav qhia hauv kab lis kev cai nrov, muaj ntau cov pov thawj qhia tias cov neeg ua haujlwm tau txais nyiaj thiab khoom plig rau lawv txoj haujlwm, thiab tau txais kev kho mob zoo.
Lwm cov Pyramids thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm Egyptian Dynasties
Ntxiv rau cov Pyramids ntawm Giza, lwm cov pyramids tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm Iyiv. Piv txwv li, Pyramid ntawm Djoser ntawm Saqqara yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm pyramid thiab suav hais tias yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim qauv pyramid. Ua los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Imhotep nyob ib puag ncig 2670 BC, nws tau cim qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm cov ntxa uas muaj phab ntsa av nkos mus rau cov qauv tseem ceeb ua los ntawm pob zeb.
Cov pyramids ntawm Dahshur, xws li Red Pyramid thiab Bent Pyramid, kuj muab kev nkag siab txog kev tsim kho tshiab thiab kev hloov kho vaj tse rau cov teeb meem ntawm cov qauv. Txhua lub pyramid muab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog kev txhim kho ntawm kev vam meej ntawm Iyiv thiab qhia txog kev ntseeg hauv zej zog thiab kev nom kev tswv thoob plaws lub sijhawm.
Cov Lus Qhia Tsis Paub thiab Cov Lus Qhia los ntawm Pyramid Archaeology
Ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav txog keeb kwm ntawm cov pyramid yog ntau yam tsis paub meej uas tseem nyob ib puag ncig lawv. Piv txwv li, lub luag haujlwm ntawm cov chav zais cia thiab cov chaw kos duab ntawm cov pyramids tseem yog qhov kev xav ntau, suav nrog cov kev xav txog lawv siv ua chaw saib hnub qub lossis ua chaw khaws cov khoom muaj nqis uas tsis tau tshawb pom los ntawm pharaonic.
Kev tshuaj xyuas niaj hnub no, suav nrog kev siv cov thev naus laus zis xws li radar nkag mus rau hauv av thiab archaeological tomography, tau tshawb pom ntau qhov zais cia zais rau hauv cov pyramids. Txawm hais tias muaj kev tshawb fawb ntau yam, txhua qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab feem ntau tsa ntau cov lus nug dua li cov lus teb, ua rau kev kawm txog cov pyramids yog ib qho chaw muaj zog thiab hloov pauv tas li.
Xaus
Kev tshawb nrhiav txog tej khoom qub txeeg qub teg hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab kev kawm txog cov pyramids yog ib txoj kev taug kev uas hloov peb txoj kev nkag siab txog yav dhau los thiab kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg thaum ntsib teeb meem loj heev. Txij li Rosetta Stone mus rau papyri pom hauv Wadi el-Jarf, txhua qhov kev tshawb pom tshiab qhib lub qhov rooj mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb zoo kawg nkaus ntawm tebchaws Iziv thaum ub.
Cov pyramids, ua qhov qhia txog kev loj thiab sab ntsuj plig, tseem yog cov pov thawj ntawm lub neej thaum ub uas tau tsim lawv. Los ntawm kev kawm txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, peb tsis yog tsuas yog nkag siab txog kev tsim kho thiab kev txawj ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub xwb tab sis kuj nkag siab txog lawv cov txiaj ntsig, kev ntseeg, thiab kev teeb tsa hauv zej zog. Hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov pyramids, kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm yav dhau los txuas ntxiv ua ke qhov kev sib tw ntawm keeb kwm, lees paub tias zaj dab neeg ntawm Iyiv thaum ub thiab nws cov pyramids tseem tsis tau xaus.
