Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Cov Khoom Siv Ua Ntej Keeb Kwm
Cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg yog cov khoom siv uas tib neeg tau tso tseg ua ntej kev sau ntawv. Cov khoom no—txij li cov cuab yeej pob zeb yooj yim mus txog cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub hlau thaum ntxov—ua haujlwm ua cov "ntawv pov thawj" tseem ceeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm hauv kev rov tsim kho dua txoj kev ua neej, thev naus laus zis, kev ntseeg, thiab kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov zej zog thaum ub. Vim tias cov ntaub ntawv sau tsis muaj, kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo, ua raws li qhov xwm txheej, thiab raws li qhov xwm txheej. Tsab xov xwm no tham txog kev txhais ntawm cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg, lawv cov ntau yam, thiab cov txheej txheem tshuaj xyuas uas siv los nkag siab txog yav dhau los.
Kev Txhais thiab Lub Luag Haujlwm ntawm Cov Khoom Siv Prehistoric
Feem ntau, ib yam khoom qub yog ib yam khoom uas tib neeg ua, hloov kho, lossis siv. Hauv kev kawm txog keeb kwm yav dhau los, cov khoom qub yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, sib txawv ntawm cov khoom siv hauv ntiaj teb (cov seem ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu) thiab cov yam ntxwv (cov qauv tsis txav xws li cov qhov, cov kwj dej, lossis lub qhov cub). Cov khoom qub muab cov lus qhia rau tib neeg cov haujlwm: lawv yos hav zoov li cas, ua zaub mov noj, tsim chaw nyob, pauv lag luam, thiab txawm tias qhia txog tus kheej thiab cov cim kev ntseeg.
Tus nqi ntawm ib yam khoom qub tsis yog nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas nws pom. Ib lub pob zeb uas pom ntawm qhov chaw tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv txheej lossis kev koom tes nrog lwm yam kev pom muaj tus nqi txhais tsawg dua li ib lub zoo sib xws uas pom nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntshiab nrog cov pob txha tsiaj seem, cov thee hluav taws, thiab cov khoom siv av nplaum. Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm niaj hnub no tso siab rau cov ntaub ntawv khawb av thiab cov ntaub ntawv stratigraphic.
Ntau yam khoom siv Prehistoric
Cov khoom siv ua ntej keeb kwm tuaj yeem faib ua pawg raws li cov khoom siv, kev ua haujlwm, lossis lub sijhawm ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis.
1. Cov cuab yeej siv pob zeb (lithic)
Cov no suav nrog cov riam txiav, cov nplais, cov hniav riam, cov taub xub, cov pob zeb sib tsoo, thiab cov cuab yeej pob txha, uas qee zaum raug suav hais tias yog ib feem ntawm cov thev naus laus zis lithic. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov cuab yeej pob zeb yog qhov tseem ceeb vim tias lawv siv ntau yam kev siv, txij li Paleolithic mus rau Neolithic, thiab tseem siv nyob rau hauv lub hnub nyoog hlau hauv qee cov kab lis kev cai.
2. Cov khoom siv av nplaum (ua los ntawm av nplaum thaum ub)
Cov khoom siv av nplaum yog ib qho cim qhia tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm cov chaw nyob, kev khaws cia zaub mov, thiab kev txhim kho kev ua noj ua haus. Nws cov duab, cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, kev kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab cov av nplaum sib xyaw pab ntsuas cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev sib cuag ntawm cov pab pawg.
3. Cov khoom siv hlau thaum ub
Hauv theem tooj liab thiab hlau, cov khoom siv xws li cov axes funnel, nruas, hlua tes, spearheads, thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub qhia txog kev tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom thiab kev sib pauv khoom siv raw. Cov cim ntawm pwm thiab cov txheej txheem casting kuj tseem tuaj yeem qhia txog qib kev txawj ntse ntawm metallurgical.
4. Cov khoom siv organic
Ntoo, fiber, tawv, lossis rattan feem ntau tsis muaj sia nyob, tab sis yog tias khaws cia (piv txwv li, hauv cov qhov tsua qhuav lossis cov chaw muaj dej ntws), cov khoom cuav no tuaj yeem qhia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov thev naus laus zis tsis tshua muaj neeg sau tseg, xws li kev ntaus ntaub, khaub ncaws, thiab cov thawv.
5. Cov cim qhia txog tej yam
Cov duab kos hauv qhov tsua, cov hlaws dai, cov duab puab me me, lossis cov khoom siv ua kev cai dab qhuas qhia txog lub peev xwm thiab kev qhia txog tus kheej. Pawg no pab nkag siab txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav uas tsis tshua pom tseeb hauv cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo.
Cov Theem Yooj Yim ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Tej Yam Khoom Siv
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg feem ntau muaj ntau theem: kev piav qhia, kev faib tawm, kev ntsuas, kev txhais lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab kev tso rau hauv qhov chaw-lub sijhawm.
1. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Hom thiab Kev Faib Pawg
Kev faib ua pawg yog kev muab cov khoom siv los ua pawg raws li qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov duab thiab cov yam ntxwv. Piv txwv li, cov cuab yeej siv pob zeb raug faib ua cov cuab yeej siv tes, cov cuab yeej ua tej daim me me, lossis cov cuab yeej me me. Hauv cov tais diav av nplaum, kev faib ua pawg tuaj yeem raws li cov duab ntawm daim di ncauj, lub cev, lub hauv paus, thiab cov qauv kho kom zoo nkauj.
Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sau hom ntawv tsis yog tsuas yog "npe" cov khoom xwb, tab sis yog los ntsuas qhov sib txawv thiab kev hloov pauv. Kev hloov pauv ntawm cov cuab yeej los ntawm qhov ntxhib mus rau qhov zoo dua tuaj yeem qhia txog kev hloov pauv thev naus laus zis, kev xav tau kev lag luam, lossis kev sib cuam tshuam kab lis kev cai. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sau hom ntawv kuj yuav tsum ceev faj kom tsis txhob muab cov pawg niaj hnub no rau ntawm qhov sib txawv hauv zos.
2. Technology Analysis (Chaîne Opératoire)
Txoj kev ua haujlwm saw hlau pom cov khoom qub ua qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau yam kev ua: kev xaiv cov khoom siv, kev tsim khoom, kev siv, kev saib xyuas, thiab kev pov tseg. Piv txwv li, rau cov cuab yeej pob zeb, cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntsuas hom pob zeb, kev coj mus rau qhov cuam tshuam, lub platform flake, thiab tus qauv flake los xav txog cov txheej txheem tsim khoom (kev cuam tshuam ncaj qha, kev nyem, lossis bipolar).
Hauv kev siv cov khoom siv av nplaum, kev tshuaj xyuas thev naus laus zis suav nrog cov txheej txheem puab (zaws, ntswj, tig lub log), cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws, thiab kev ua kom sov (xuab zeb, cov tawv mov, cov khoom siv av nplaum). Cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem qhia txog qib kev tshwj xeeb, kev faib ua haujlwm, thiab kev paub txog keeb kwm.
3. Kev Tshuaj Xyuas Kev Siv thiab Cov Khoom Pov Tseg
Ib yam khoom siv tes ua tsis tuaj yeem paub txog nws cov duab tas li. Yog li ntawd, kev tshuaj xyuas kev siv-hnav tshuaj xyuas qhov hnav me me ntawm ntug ntawm cov cuab yeej: cov qauv khawb, cov xim ci, cov kab nrib pleb me me, lossis ntug puag ncig. Ib rab riam pob zeb uas zoo li riam tuaj yeem siv los txiav nqaij, khawb tawv, lossis sau qoob loo - txhua qhov tawm ib qho cim tshwj xeeb.
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom seem tshuaj xyuas cov khoom seem uas lo rau, xws li cov hmoov nplej cog, ntshav, cov protein, lossis cov resin. Siv cov txheej txheem tshuaj lom neeg thiab microscopic, cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm yav dhau los tuaj yeem txhawb kev txhais lus ua haujlwm, xws li kev ua cov tubers lossis kev siv cov nplaum ntuj tsim rau ntawm cov xub.
4. Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Lub Ntsiab Lus: Qhov Chaw thiab Stratigraphy
Cov khoom qub yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntsiab lus stratigraphic (txheej av) kom nkag siab txog lawv cov sijhawm sib law liag. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov khoom qub hauv ib txheej tuaj yeem qhia txog cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb: chav ua noj, chav ua cuab yeej, lossis chaw pov tseg khib nyiab. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov chaw, suav nrog kev kos duab qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom pom, pab rov tsim kho qhov kev teeb tsa ntawm lub tsev.
Cov ntsiab lus kuj suav nrog kev sib txuas nrog ecofacts thiab cov yam ntxwv. Kev pom ntawm tus pas ntoo nrog rau cov pob txha tsiaj uas qhia txog cov cim tua tsiaj yuav qhia txog kev yos hav zoov thiab kev tua tsiaj. Lub caij no, cov khoom siv av nplaum ze ntawm lub qhov cub yuav qhia txog kev ua noj ua haus lossis kev ua kom sov.
5. Hnub Tim thiab Lub Caij Nyoog
Yuav kom nkag siab txog kev hloov pauv kab lis kev cai, cov khoom qub yuav tsum tau muab lub sijhawm. Kev sib piv ntawm cov khoom siv tuaj yeem siv cov txheej txheem stratigraphy thiab kev sib piv typological. Kev sib piv ntawm cov khoom siv siv cov txheej txheem xws li kev sib piv ntawm cov pa roj carbon (rau cov thee, pob txha, lossis cov organic seem), kev sib piv ntawm thermoluminescence (rau cov khoom siv av nplaum), lossis kev sib piv ntawm OSL (rau cov av noo).
Txawm hais tias cov khoom siv pob zeb nyuaj rau hnub tim ncaj qha, lawv tuaj yeem raug hnub tim los ntawm cov ntsiab lus: piv txwv li, ib txheej uas muaj cov cuab yeej pob zeb kuj muaj cov thee uas tuaj yeem raug radiocarbon hnub tim. Ua li no, cov khoom siv no dhau los ua ib feem ntawm zaj dab neeg muaj zog dua.
Kev Txhais Lus Txog Zej Zog thiab Kab Lis Kev Cai
Kev tshuaj xyuas cov khoom siv thaum ub tsis yog tsuas yog "siv cov khoom no ua dab tsi," tab sis nthuav dav mus rau cov lus nug hauv zej zog: leej twg ua nws, kev paub tau xa mus li cas, thiab nws txhais li cas rau lub zej zog.
– Kev teeb tsa tsim khoom: Puas yog kev tsim cov cuab yeej ua tiav hauv tsev lossis puas muaj lub chaw ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb? Puas muaj cov kws tshwj xeeb?
– Kev sib pauv thiab kev txav mus los: Cov khoom siv raw nyob deb qhia txog kev sib txuas lus lag luam lossis kev txav mus los ntawm pab pawg. Piv txwv li, obsidian feem ntau yog qhov qhia tau zoo vim tias nws cov peev txheej muaj tsawg thiab yooj yim taug qab.
– Txoj Cai thiab Tus Kheej: Cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, cov khoom siv ua kev lig kev cai, lossis cov khoom cuav tsis tshua muaj peev xwm qhia tau qee qhov txawv ntawm txoj cai lossis lub luag haujlwm hauv zej zog.
– Kev hloov pauv ntawm kev ua neej nyob: Kev hloov pauv ntawm kev yos hav zoov mus rau cov cuab yeej ua liaj ua teb, lossis kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tais diav ntim khoom, tej zaum yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev hloov pauv mus rau kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev nyob mus tas li.
Cov Teeb Meem Hauv Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Tej Yam Khoom Siv
Muaj ntau yam teeb meem tseem ceeb. Ua ntej, cov txheej txheem ntuj tsim thiab cov haujlwm tom qab ntawd ntawm tib neeg tuaj yeem hloov cov khoom qub ntawm lawv qhov chaw qub (cov txheej txheem tom qab kev tso tawm). Qhov thib ob, cov khoom qub tuaj yeem siv dua (rov ua dua tshiab), yog li lawv txoj haujlwm kawg tsis zoo ib yam li lawv txoj haujlwm qub. Qhov thib peb, kev saib xyuas tsis zoo ua rau cov khoom qub tsis tshua muaj, yog li ua rau daim duab ntawm cov thev naus laus zis yav dhau los tsis meej. Yog li ntawd, kev txhais lus yuav tsum xav txog cov kev txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.
Kev kaw
Cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev qhib zaj dab neeg ntev ntawm tib neeg ua ntej sau ntawv. Los ntawm kev sau ntawv, kev tshuaj xyuas thev naus laus zis, kev siv, cov khoom seem, cov ntsiab lus stratigraphic, thiab hnub tim, cov kws tshawb fawb txog keeb kwm tuaj yeem tsim cov kev tsim kho dua tshiab uas kwv yees li qhov tseeb ntawm yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los xij, cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg yeej tsis "hais lus" rau lawv tus kheej - lawv yuav tsum tau nyeem hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv ib puag ncig, kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom pom, thiab cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai nyuaj. Nrog rau txoj hauv kev tshuaj xyuas zoo thiab tseem ceeb, cov khoom qub txeeg qub teg tsis yog cov khoom qub xwb tab sis cov qhov rais tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm tib neeg, kev hloov pauv, thiab kev sib txawv.
