ʻO ka Spectrum Wave Electromagnetic: He Wehewehe Hōhonu
He mea nui nā nalu electromagnetic i ka physics, ʻo ko lākou ola ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana e komo i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola hou. Mai nā hōʻailona lekiō a mākou e lohe ai i kēlā me kēia lā a hiki i nā kukuna X e kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka spectrum electromagnetic. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e ʻimi mākou i ke kumumanaʻo o ka spectrum electromagnetic, mai kona wehewehe kumu a hiki i kāna mau hoʻohana pono ʻana ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā Nalu Electromagnetic
ʻO nā nalu electromagnetic he mau nalu e lawe ana i ka ikehu electromagnetic a hiki ke pālahalaha ma o kahi vacuum. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia mau nalu e nā ʻāpana nui ʻelua: kahi kahua uila a me kahi kahua magnetic, e oscillate a neʻe pololei kekahi i kekahi a i ke kuhikuhi o ka laha ʻana o ka nalu. ʻO ke ʻano kēia inā e oscillate ke kahua uila i luna a i lalo, e oscillate ke kahua magnetic i ka hema a me ka ʻākau, ʻoiai e neʻe ana ka nalu i mua.
ʻIkepili Uila Malemake
ʻO ke ʻano electromagnetic e pili ana i ka laulā o nā nalu electromagnetic āpau, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ko lākou nalu a i ʻole ke alapine (frequency). ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka nalu ka mamao ma waena o ʻelua mau piko nalu e pili ana, ʻoiai ʻo ke alapine (frequency) ka helu o nā pōʻaiapuni nalu e hala ana i kahi kiko i hāʻawi ʻia i kēlā me kēia anakahi manawa.
Eia ke kaʻina o ka spectrum electromagnetic mai ka lōʻihi loa a i ka pōkole loa:
1. Nā Nalu Lekiō
2. Nā Microwaves
3. Nā kukuna infrared
4. Mālamalama ʻIke ʻia
5. Nā kukuna Ultraviolet
6. Nā kukuna X
7. Nā kukuna Gamma
Nā nalu lekiō
ʻO nā nalu lekiō ka lōʻihi loa o nā nalu ma ka spectrum electromagnetic, mai kekahi mau kenimika a i nā tausani mika. Loaʻa nā alapine nalu lekiō mai kekahi mau kilohertz (kHz) a i gigahertz (GHz). Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia mau nalu i nā kamaʻilio ʻana, me ke lekiō AM a me FM, kīwī, a me nā hōʻailona kelepona paʻalima. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻouna ʻike, hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu lekiō i ka ʻike hōkū e aʻo i nā mea lani.
Nā hawewe microwave
He mau nalu ko nā hawewe microwave ma waena o hoʻokahi milimita a me hoʻokahi mika, me nā alapine (frequencies) mai 300 MHz a 300 GHz. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia mau nalu i nā ʻano hana ʻenehana like ʻole, me ka radar, nā kamaʻilio ukali, a me nā umu microwave. I ke ʻano o nā umu microwave, hana nā microwave ma ka hoʻoluliluli ʻana i nā mole wai i loko o ka meaʻai, e hoʻopuka ana i ka wela.
Nā kukuna infrared
Loaʻa i ke kukui infrared nā nalu mai kahi o 700 nanometers (nm) a i 1 millimeter (mm). ʻO ke alapine (frequency) o ke kukui infrared mai kahi o 300 GHz a i 400 THz. ʻIke nui ʻia kēia kukui ʻo ia ka radiation thermal, ʻoiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea wela e hoʻopuka i ke kukui infrared. ʻO nā noi kūpono e pili ana i nā mana mamao, nā kāmela thermal, a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau.
Mālamalama ʻIke ʻia
ʻO ke kukui ʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana o ka spectrum electromagnetic i ʻike ʻia e ka maka kanaka. Loaʻa kona mau nalu mai 380 nm a 750 nm, me nā alapine ma waena o 400 THz a me 790 THz. Aia ke kukui ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano kala like ʻole mai ka poni (ka ʻōlinolino loa) a i ka ʻulaʻula (ka nalu lōʻihi loa). ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ka maka kanaka i ka mālamalama ma kēia pae, e ʻae ana iā mākou e ʻike i ke ao a puni mākou.
Nā kukuna Ultraviolet
He mau nalu ko ke kukui ultraviolet mai kahi o 10 nm a i 400 nm a me nā alapine (frequencies) mai kahi o 7.5 x 10^14 Hz a i 3 x 10^16 Hz. ʻOiai he nui nā noi o ke kukui ultraviolet (UV), me ka sterilization, ka paʻi fluorescent, a me nā mālama ʻili, ʻo ka nui o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke kukui UV hiki ke hōʻino i ka ʻili a me ka maka.
X-ray
He mau nalu ko nā kukuna X ma waena o 0.01 nm a me 10 nm, me nā alapine (frequencies) mai kahi o 10^16 Hz a i 10^19 Hz. He ikaika nui ko kēia mau kukuna a he mana komo kūikawā, e lilo ai lākou i mea pono loa i ke kiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi lapaʻau a me ka palekana o ke kahua mokulele. Hiki i nā kukuna X ke komo i loko o nā ʻiʻo o ke kino, e ʻae ana i nā kauka e nānā i nā ʻano o loko me ka ʻole o ke ʻoki ʻana.
Nā kukuna gamma
ʻO nā kukuna Gamma ka lōʻihi o ka nalu pōkole loa a me ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe loa i ka spectrum electromagnetic, me nā lōʻihi o ka nalu ma lalo o 0.01 nm a me nā alapine (frequencies) ʻoi aku ma mua o 10^19 Hz. Hoʻopuka ʻia ka radiation Gamma e nā kaʻina hana nukelea a me nā hopena fusion hōkū. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia ka radiation gamma i ka lāʻau lapaʻau kanesa e pepehi i nā hunaola kanesa.
Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu a me ke Kumumanaʻo
Ua hoʻokumu mua ʻia ke kumumanaʻo electromagnetic e James Clerk Maxwell i ke kenekulia 19, e wehewehe ana pehea e launa pū ai nā kahua uila a me nā kahua magnetic a me ka oscillate e hana i nā nalu electromagnetic. Ua hoʻomohala ʻo Maxwell i kahi moʻo o nā hoʻohālikelike ʻokoʻa hapa, i ʻike ʻia ʻo Maxwell's Equations, e wehewehe i kēia hanana.
Nā Hoʻohana o nā Nalu Electromagnetic
He ākea nā hoʻohana o ka electromagnetic spectrum, e pili ana i nā ʻano like ʻole o ke ola a me ka ʻenehana. Eia kekahi mau laʻana o kāna mau noi:
1. Kamaʻilio: Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā nalu lekiō a me nā microwave i nā kamaʻilio uea ʻole e like me ka lekiō, ke kīwī, a me nā hōʻailona kelepona paʻalima.
2. Lapaʻau: Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna X a me ka radiation gamma i ke kiʻi lapaʻau a me ka radiation therapy.
3. ʻOihana: Hoʻohana ʻia nā microwave i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka radar.
4. Hōkū: Hoʻohana ʻia nā nalu lekiō, nā kukuna infrared, a me nā kukuna X e aʻo i ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
5. Ola kino a me ka palekana: Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna ultraviolet i ka sterilization, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna X i ka palekana o ke kahua mokulele.
Ka hopena
ʻO ke ʻano electromagnetic spectrum kahi manaʻo nui i ka physics nona nā ʻano hana koʻikoʻi a like ʻole i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Mai nā nalu lekiō e hiki ai ke kamaʻilio mamao loa a hiki i nā kukuna gamma e kōkua i ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi kanesa, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano electromagnetic e hiki ai i nā hana hou a me nā ʻenehana e hoʻololi nei i ke ʻano o ko kākou noho ʻana. I kēia ao e hilinaʻi nui nei i ka ʻenehana, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo o ke ʻano electromagnetic ʻaʻole wale ia he mea pili i nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia akā he mea nui hoʻi no ka lehulehu.
