Nā ʻAno Molekala a me nā ʻAno Empirical: Nā Kumu a me nā Hoʻohana ma ke Kemika
ʻO ke kemika, ma ke ʻano he ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā waiwai, ke ʻano, a me ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea, ua pili pono ia i nā manaʻo kumu e like me nā ʻano molekala a me nā ʻano empirical. Hana nā mea ʻelua ma ke ʻano he ala e hōʻike pololei ai i ka ʻike kemika. Akā he aha maoli nā ʻano molekala a me nā ʻano empirical? A pehea lā lākou e hoʻohana ʻia ai i nā noi kemika like ʻole? E wehewehe kēia ʻatikala i kā lākou wehewehe ʻana, nā ʻokoʻa, nā ʻano helu, a me nā noi.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā Formula Molekala
ʻO ke ʻano molekala he hōʻike e hōʻike ana i nā ʻano a me nā helu o nā ʻātoma i loko o hoʻokahi molekala o kahi mea. No kekahi hui kemika, hāʻawi ke ʻano molekala i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i kona ʻano kemika. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke ʻano molekala no ka glucose ʻo C6H12O6, e hōʻike ana he hoʻokahi molekala o ka glucose i loaʻa i ʻeono mau ʻātoma kalapona (C), ʻumikūmālua mau ʻātoma hydrogen (H), a me ʻeono mau ʻātoma oxygen (O).
He mea nui nā ʻano molekala no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā mea kemika. Ma ka ʻike ʻana i ka helu a me nā ʻano o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi molekala, hiki i nā kānaka ʻepekema ke ʻimi i ke ʻano o ka launa pū ʻana o kēlā mau ʻātoma me kekahi, nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o ka hui, a me nā hopena kemika hiki ke hana ʻia.
Ke Hoʻomaopopo nei i nā Formula Empirical
ʻO ke ʻano hana empirical, a i ʻole ke ʻano hana maʻalahi, e hōʻike ana i ka lakio maʻalahi loa o ka helu o nā ʻātoma o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o kahi hui. ʻAʻole hōʻike ke ʻano hana empirical i ka helu maoli o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi molekala, akā, ʻo nā lakio pili ma waena o kēlā mau ʻātoma. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke ʻano hana empirical no ka glucose ʻo CH2O, e hōʻike ana no kēlā me kēia ʻātoma oxygen, aia ʻelua mau ʻātoma hydrogen no kēlā me kēia ʻātoma kalapona.
Hiki i kahi ʻano hana empirical ke lilo i mea pono loa i ka wā e kālailai ai i ka haku mele kumu o kahi hui a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā lakio o nā mea i loko o kēlā hui. He ʻokoʻa kēia mai kahi ʻano hana molekala, kahi e hāʻawi ai i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i nā helu maoli o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi molekala.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke ʻano Molecular a me ke ʻano Empirical
ʻOiai pili nā mea ʻelua i ka hoʻohuihui kemika o kahi hui, aia kekahi mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o ke ʻano molekala a me ke ʻano empirical:
1. Hōʻike Helu:
– Hōʻike ke ʻano molekala i ka helu maoli o nā ʻātoma i loko o hoʻokahi molekala o kahi hui.
– ʻO ke ʻano empirical, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana i ka lakio maʻalahi loa o nā ʻātoma.
2. ʻIke Hoʻohuihui:
– Hāʻawi ke ʻano molekala i ka ʻike piha e pili ana i ka helu a me nā ʻano o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi molekala.
– Hāʻawi wale ke ʻano hana empirical i ka lakio a i ʻole ka hapa o nā ʻātoma.
3. Laʻana:
– No ka laʻana, ʻo ke ʻano molekala o ka glucose ʻo C6H12O6, ʻoiai ʻo kona ʻano empirical ʻo CH2O.
Pehea e hoʻoholo ai i nā formula empirical
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano empirical e pili ana i nā ʻanuʻu penei:
1. E hoʻoholo i ka nuipa o kēlā me kēia mea:
– E hoʻomaka ma ka ʻimi ʻana i ka nuipa o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o ka hui laʻana. Hana pinepine ʻia kēia ma o nā hoʻokolohua hale hana a i ʻole ka ʻikepili i hāʻawi ʻia.
2. E helu i nā mole o kēlā me kēia mea:
– E hoʻololi i ka nuipa o kēlā me kēia mea i nā mole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nuipa molar (ka nuipa atomika pili) o kēlā mea. Ua helu ʻia nā mole me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hana:
\[ \text{helu o nā mole} = \frac{\text{nuipaʻa (ma nā grama)}}{\text{nuipaʻa molar (g/mol)}} \]
3. E huli i ka Mole Ratio:
– E puʻunaue i ka helu o nā mole o kēlā me kēia mea ma ka helu liʻiliʻi loa o nā mole i helu ʻia e ʻike i ka lakio maʻalahi loa.
4. E kākau i ke ʻano hana Empirical:
– E hoʻohana i kēia mau lakio e kākau i ke ʻano empirical o ka hui.
Eia kekahi laʻana, inā he hui kāu me 40% kalapona, 6.72% hydrogen, a me 53.28% oxygen, penei ke kaʻina hana:
1. E lawe i kahi hāpana 100 gram. No laila, loaʻa iā ʻoe he 40 gram o ke kalapona, 6.72 gram o ka hydrogen, a me 53.28 gram o ka oxygen.
2. E helu i ka helu o nā mole o kēlā me kēia mea:
– Mol C = \( \frac{40 \text{ g}}{12.01 \text{ g/mol}} = 3.33 \)
– Mol H = \( \frac{6.72 \text{ g}}{1.01 \text{ g/mol}} = 6.65 \)
– Mol O = \( \frac{53.28 \text{ g}}{16.00 \text{ g/mol}} = 3.33 \)
3. E helu i ka lakio mole:
– Ka lakio C:H:O = \( \frac{3.33}{3.33} : \frac{6.65}{3.33} : \frac{3.33}{3.33} = 1 : 2 : 1 \)
4. ʻO ke ʻano hana ʻikepili ʻo CH2O.
Pehea e hoʻoholo ai i ke ʻano molekala
ʻO ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano molekala e pono ai ka ʻike hou aku ma mua o ke ʻano empirical wale nō. Eia nā ʻanuʻu:
1. E huli i ke ʻano hana Empirical:
– E hoʻomaka ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke ʻano hana empirical e like me nā ʻanuʻu ma mua.
2. E helu i ka Molar Mass Empirical Formula:
– E hoʻohui i nā nuipaʻa atomika o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o ke ʻano empirical e ʻike ai i ka nuipaʻa molar o ke ʻano empirical.
3. E hoʻohana i ka Molar Mass o ka Hui:
– E huli i ka nuipa molar maoli o ka hui (i hāʻawi pinepine ʻia a i helu ʻia paha ma o ka hoʻokolohua).
4. E helu i nā kumu:
– E puʻunaue i ka nuipa molar maoli me ka nuipa molar o ke ʻano empirical e ʻike ai i kahi kumu e hoʻonui ai i ka helu o nā ʻātoma i loko o ke ʻano empirical.
5. E kākau i ke ʻano molekala:
– E hoʻonui i ka helu o nā ʻātoma i loko o ke ʻano empirical e ka mea i loaʻa e kākau i ke ʻano molekala.
Eia kekahi laʻana, inā he molar mass kou o kahi hui o 180 g/mol a me kahi empirical formula o CH2O me ka molar mass o 30 g/mol:
1. ʻO ka nuipa molar o ke ʻano empirical CH2O he (12.01 + (2 1.01) + 16.00) = 30 g/mol.
2. ʻO ka nuipa molar maoli o ka hui he 180 g/mol.
3. Kumu = 180 g/mol ÷ 30 g/mol = 6.
4. ʻO ke ʻano molekole = C6H12O6.
Nā noi ma nā kahua like ʻole
ʻAʻole wale nā ʻano molekala a me nā ʻano empirical he mea nui i ke kumumanaʻo kemika, akā he nui nā noi hana ma nā ʻano like ʻole:
1. Hale kūʻai lāʻau lapaʻau:
- Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e hoʻolālā a hoʻomohala i nā lāʻau lapaʻau hou ma ka ʻike ʻana i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā pūhui pharmacological.
2. Kemika ʻepekema:
- Hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻomaopopo i ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā biomolecules e like me nā protein, nā kalapona, a me nā lipids.
3. ʻEpekema Mea Hana:
– He mea nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou me nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika kikoʻī, e like me nā polymers, nā nano-materials, a me nā composites.
4. Kaiapuni:
– Kōkua i ka nānā ʻana i nā pūhui kemika e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana kaiapuni a me ka haumia.
5. ʻOihana Kemika:
- Hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā ʻano kemika like ʻole a me nā mea kalepa, mai nā plastics a i nā pena, e pono ai ka kaohi qualitative a me quantitative o ka haku mele kemika.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā ʻano molekala a me nā ʻano empirical ʻelua mau manaʻo nui i ka kemika e hāʻawi ana i nā ala koʻikoʻi e wehewehe i ka haku mele ʻana o nā hui. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻano molekala e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike piha e pili ana i ka helu a me nā ʻano o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi molekala, ʻo ka ʻano empirical e hāʻawi i ka lakio maʻalahi loa o kēlā mau ʻātoma. He mau mea hana koʻikoʻi nā mea ʻelua ma nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole a me ka ʻoihana, a ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka helu ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia mau manaʻo he mea nui ia no ka ʻimi ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻike kemika.
