Nā Haʻilula no nā Nui, nā ʻĀpana, nā Ana, a me nā Vectors i ka Physics
ʻO ke kinoea ka ʻepekema e aʻo ana i nā hanana kūlohelohe a me nā hanana e kū nei i loko o lākou. I ka kinoea, ʻo nā manaʻo kumu e like me ka nui, nā anakahi, ke ana ʻana, a me nā vectors he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hanana kino. E kūkākūkā hohonu kēia ʻatikala i nā wehewehena, nā haʻilula, a me nā noi o kēlā me kēia o kēia mau manaʻo.
Nā Nui Kino
ʻO ka nui kino kekahi mea i hiki ke ana ʻia a hōʻike ʻia ma ka helu. Ua māhele ʻia nā nui kino i ʻelua mau māhele nui: nā nui kumu a me nā nui i loaʻa.
1. Ka nui o ke kālā kumu
ʻO ka nui kumu he nui e kū hoʻokahi ana a ʻaʻole hilinaʻi i nā nui ʻē aʻe. ʻEhiku mau nui kumu ma ka ʻōnaehana honua (SI):
– Ka lōʻihi (mika, m): No ka laʻana, ka mamao ma waena o nā wahi ʻelua.
– Nuipaʻa (kilokala, kg): No ka laʻana, ke nuipaʻa o kahi mea.
– Manawa (kekona, s): No ka laʻana, ka lōʻihi o kahi hanana.
– Ke au uila (amperes, A): No ka laʻana, ke au i loko o kahi kaapuni uila.
– Mahana (kelvin, K): No ka laʻana, mahana o ka wai.
– Ka nui o ka mea (moles): No ka laʻana, ka helu o nā ʻāpana i loko o kahi mea.
– Ka ikaika o ka mālamalama (candela, cd): No ka laʻana, ka ʻōlinolino o kahi kumu kukui.
2. Nā nui i loaʻa
ʻO nā nui i loaʻa mai nā nui i hoʻokumu ʻia mai ka hui pū ʻana o nā nui kumu. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā nui i loaʻa mai:
– Ka wikiwiki (mika i kekona, m/s): ʻO ka wikiwiki ka loli o ke kūlana i kēlā me kēia manawa, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me \( v = \frac{d}{t} \).
– Ikaika (newton, N): ʻO ka ikaika ka huahana o ka nuipa a me ka wikiwiki, i hoʻokumu ʻia e like me \( F = ma \).
– Ikehu (joules, J): ʻO ka ikehu ka hiki ke hana i ka hana, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me \( E = Fd \).
ʻĀpana
ʻO nā anakahi nā kūlana i hoʻohana ʻia e hōʻike i nā nui kino. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana anakahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo ia ka International System of Units (SI). Ua ʻōlelo ʻia kekahi mau laʻana o nā anakahi SI ma luna. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi o nā anakahi i ka physics, ʻo ia ka hōʻoia ʻana i ke kūlike a me ka pololei i nā ana a me ke kamaʻilio ʻana o nā hopena ana.
Ana ʻana
ʻO ke ana ʻana ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka waiwai helu o kahi nui kino me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea ana. Pili ke kaʻina hana ana i kekahi mau ʻano koʻikoʻi:
1. Pololei a me ka Maʻemaʻe
– Pololei: Pili i ke kokoke ʻana o ka hopena ana i ka waiwai maoli.
– Pololei: Pili i ke kūlike o nā hopena ana i hana hou ʻia.
2. Nā Mea Hana Ana
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ana e ana i nā nui kino me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā anakahi kūpono. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea ana:
– Mika: No ke ana ʻana i ka lōʻihi.
– Nā Unahi: No ke ana ʻana i ka nuipa.
– Uaki: No ke ana ʻana i ka manawa.
– Ana wela: No ke ana ʻana i ka mahana.
– Ammeter: No ke ana ʻana i ke au uila.
ʻalalā
ʻO ka vector kahi nui i loaʻa ka nui a me ke kuhikuhi. ʻOkoʻa nā vectors mai nā nui scalar, nona wale nō ka nui. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā nui vector ka ikaika, ka wikiwiki, a me ka wikiwiki. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā vectors me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā pua, kahi e hōʻike ai ka lōʻihi o ka pua i ka nui a hōʻike ke kuhikuhi o ka pua i ke kuhikuhi o ka vector.
1. Nā Haʻilula Vector a me nā Hana
– Hoʻohui Vector
Hana ʻia ka hoʻohui vector me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano triangle a i ʻole ke ʻano parallelogram. Inā hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua vectors \( \vec{A} \) a me \( \vec{B} \), ʻo ka hopena ka vector hopena \( \vec{R} \):
\[
\vec{R} = \vec{A} + \vec{B}
\]
– Ka Hoʻemi Vector
Ua like ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka vector me ka hoʻohui ʻana, akā ua lawe ʻia kekahi o nā vectors ma ke kuhikuhi ʻē aʻe. Inā ʻo \( \vec{A} \) a me \( \vec{B} \) ʻelua mau vectors, a laila ʻo ka hoʻemi ʻana penei:
\[
\vec{R} = \vec{A} – \vec{B} = \vec{A} + (-\vec{B})
\]
- Hoʻonui ʻia o nā Vectors e nā Scalars
Inā hoʻonui ʻia ka vector \( \vec{A} \) e ka scalar \( k \), a laila ʻo ka hopena he vector hou \( \vec{B} \) me ka nui i hoʻololi ʻia akā ʻo ke kuhikuhi like (a i ʻole ke kūʻē inā he maikaʻi ʻole ʻo \( k \)):
\[
\vec{B} = k \vec{A}
\]
– Huahana Kiko
ʻO ka huahana kiko o nā vectors ʻelua e hana i kahi scalar. Inā ʻo \( \vec{A} \) a me \( \vec{B} \) he ʻelua vectors, a laila ʻo kā lākou huahana kiko:
\[
\vec{A} \cdot \vec{B} = |\vec{A}| |\vec{B}| \cos \theta
\]
ʻO kahi ʻo \( \theta \) ke kihi ma waena o nā vectors ʻelua.
– Huahana Kea
ʻO ka huahana kea o nā vectors ʻelua e hana i kahi vector hou e kū pololei ana i nā vectors mua ʻelua. Inā ʻo \( \vec{A} \) a me \( \vec{B} \) he ʻelua vectors, a laila ʻo ka huahana kea:
\[
\vec{A} \times \vec{B} = |\vec{A}| |\vec{B}| \sin \theta \, \hat{n}
\]
ʻO kahi ʻo \( \theta \) ke kihi ma waena o nā vectors ʻelua a ʻo \( \hat{n} \) ka vector unit perpendicular i nā vectors ʻelua.
Nā Hoʻohana i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
1. Ka nui a me nā ʻāpana
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā nui a me nā anakahi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. No ka laʻana, ke kūʻai mākou i ka wahie no kā mākou mau kaʻa, hoʻohana mākou i nā lita e ana i ka nui. I ka hoʻoikaika kino ʻana, ana mākou i ka manawa ma kekona a i ʻole mau minuke, a me ka mamao ma nā mika a i ʻole mau kilomita.
2. Ana ʻana
He mea koʻikoʻi nā ana pololei ma nā ʻano he nui o ke ola, mai ka kuke ʻana a i ke kūkulu ʻana. I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, he mea koʻikoʻi nā ana pololei o ka mahana o ke kino, ke koko, a me nā ʻano olakino like ʻole no ka ʻike pololei a me ka mālama pono ʻana.
3. Veka
Hoʻohana ʻia nā vectors i nā ʻano hana like ʻole o kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka hoʻokele a me nā haʻuki. No ka laʻana, i ka hoʻokele moana a me ka lewa, ua helu ʻia ke kuhikuhi a me ka wikiwiki o nā moku a i ʻole nā mokulele me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā vectors. I nā haʻuki e like me ka pôpeku a i ʻole ka pana pua, ua kālailai ʻia ke kuhikuhi a me ka ikaika o nā kīkē a i ʻole nā pana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā manaʻo vector.
Ka hopena
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā nui, nā anakahi, ke ana ʻana, a me nā vectors i ka physics a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻAe nā nui kino iā mākou e helu a hoʻomaopopo i nā hanana kūlohelohe, ʻoiai nā anakahi e hāʻawi i nā kūlana kūlike no ke kamaʻilio ʻana i nā hopena ana. ʻO nā ana pololei a pololei hoʻi ke kī i ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me nā noi hana. ʻAe nā Vectors, me ko lākou nui a me ke kuhikuhi, iā mākou e wehewehe a kālailai i ka neʻe ʻana a me nā ikaika me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia mau manaʻo, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ko mākou ʻike i ke ao nei a hana i nā hoʻoholo naʻauao ma nā ʻano he nui o ke ola.
