Ka Pane ʻana o ka Palekana a me ka ʻIke ʻana i ke Kino
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale kino kekahi o nā ʻano pale paʻakikī a koʻikoʻi loa o ke kino, e pale ana i ke kino mai nā hoʻouka ʻana e nā pathogens e like me ka bacteria, nā virus, nā parasites, a me nā fungi. ʻO ka pane pale kino e pili ana i kahi moʻo o nā kaʻina hana ikaika e pili ana i nā ʻano cell a me nā molekala like ʻole e ʻike a luku i nā mea ʻē aʻe e komo i loko o ke kino. E kūkākūkā hohonu kēia ʻatikala pehea e ʻike ai ka ʻōnaehana pale kino i nā pale ponoʻī o ke kino, pehea e pane ai i nā hoʻoweliweli, a me kekahi mau ʻano koʻikoʻi o kēia ʻano hana.
Hoʻolauna iā ʻoe iho a ʻaʻole iā ʻoe iho
ʻO kekahi o nā hana nui o ka ʻōnaehana pale ʻana, ʻo ia kona hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā ʻāpana ponoʻī o ke kino ('ia iho') a me nā ʻāpana haole ('ʻaʻole ia iho'). He mea koʻikoʻi kēia hiki no ka ʻōnaehana pale ʻana e luku i nā pathogens me ka ʻole o ka hōʻeha ʻana i nā ʻāpana olakino. Hoʻokō nui ʻia kēia ʻike ma o nā molekala i kapa ʻia ʻo Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC), i loaʻa ma ka ʻili o aneane nā ʻāpana kino āpau.
Hōʻike ka MHC i nā ʻāpana protein, i ʻike ʻia he peptides, i nā cell T, he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka ʻōnaehana pale hoʻololi. ʻElua mau papa nui o MHC: Loaʻa ka papa MHC I ma aneane nā cell nucleated āpau a hōʻike i nā peptides mai nā protein intracellular, ʻoiai ʻo ka papa MHC II i loaʻa ma nā cell antigen-presenting (nā cell dendritic, macrophages, a me nā cell B) a hōʻike i nā peptides mai nā protein i lawe ʻia mai waho o ke cell. Hoʻomaopopo nā cell T i nā peptides i lawe ʻia e kēia mau MHC: inā mai nā cell ponoʻī o ke kino ka peptide, ʻaʻole e hoʻāla ka cell T i kahi pane pale. Eia nō naʻe, inā mai kahi pathogen ka peptide, e hoʻāla ʻia ka cell T a hoʻomau i ka pane pale.
Ka palekana kūlohelohe a me ka hoʻololi ʻana
Ua māhele ʻia ka ʻōnaehana pale kino i ʻelua ʻāpana nui: ka pale kūlohelohe a me ka pale adaptive. ʻO ka pale kūlohelohe ka laina pale mua, a ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o kāna pane akā ʻaʻole kikoʻī a i ʻole he "hoʻomanaʻo." ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o ka pale kūlohelohe e komo pū ana me ka ʻili, mucosa, phagocytes (e like me macrophages a me neutrophils), nā cell pepehi kanaka kūlohelohe (nā cell NK), a me nā protein plasma like ʻole e like me ka complement.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ka palekana adaptive ma ke ʻano he laina pale lua i lohi ka pane mua ʻana, akā ʻoi aku ka kikoʻī a loaʻa iā ia ka hiki ke "hoʻomanaʻo" i nā pathogens ma o ka hoʻomanaʻo immunological. ʻO nā ʻāpana nui o ka ʻōnaehana pale adaptive ʻo ia nā cell T a me nā cell B. ʻO nā cell B ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana i nā antibodies e kūʻē pono ana i nā antigens, ʻoiai ua māhele ʻia nā cell T i nā cell T kōkua a me nā cell T cytotoxic, e hana ana kēlā me kēia e kōkua i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o nā cell ʻē aʻe a me ka luku ʻana i nā cell i loaʻa i ka maʻi.
Nā ʻanuʻu i ka pane ʻana o ka pale kino
ʻO ka pane ʻana o ka pale ʻana e pili ana i kekahi mau pae i hoʻolālā ʻia e ʻike a luku i nā pathogens. ʻO ka pae mua, i ʻike ʻia ʻo "immune surveillance," he hana ia e nānā mau ai nā pūnaewele ʻōnaehana pale no ke alo o nā pathogens. Ke komo kahi pathogen i loko o ke kino, hoʻomaka ke kaʻina hana o ka ʻike ʻana a me ka ʻike ʻana.
1. Ka ʻIke ʻana a me ka Hoʻomaopopo ʻana: ʻO nā pūnaewele dendritic a me nā macrophages, ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i nā pathogens me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā receptors kikoʻī e like me nā Toll-like receptors (TLRs), phagocytose a hana i nā pathogens. A laila hōʻike lākou i nā ʻāpana o nā pathogens i nā pūnaewele T ma o nā molekala MHC.
2. Hoʻāla ʻia: ʻIke ʻia nā antigens i hōʻike ʻia e ka MHC e nā mea loaʻa ma nā pūnaewele T pili. Hoʻāla ʻia nā pūnaewele T i ʻike i ka antigen, e hana ana i ko lākou hoʻonui ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā pūnaewele effector e hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hana o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā pathogens. Hoʻāla ʻia hoʻi nā pūnaewele B ma o nā pilina me nā pūnaewele T a me nā antigens pili, e hoʻoulu ana i ka hana ʻana o nā antibodies kūikawā i kēlā antigen.
3. Nā mea hoʻokō: Hoʻopau nā pūnaewele T Cytotoxic i nā pūnaewele i loaʻa i ka maʻi ma o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o nā granules i loaʻa ka perforin a me nā granzymes e hoʻoulu ai i ka apoptosis i nā pūnaewele i manaʻo ʻia. I kēia manawa, hoʻouka nā antibodies i hana ʻia e nā pūnaewele B i nā pathogens ma waho o ke kelepona a hōʻailona iā lākou no ka luku ʻia e nā ʻāpana ʻōnaehana pale ʻē aʻe e like me nā macrophages a i ʻole ma o ke ala hoʻopihapiha.
4. Hoʻomanaʻo Palekana: Ma hope o ka hoʻopau ʻana o kahi maʻi, hoʻololi kekahi o nā pūnaewele T a me nā pūnaewele B i hoʻāla ʻia i mau pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo. Noho mau kēia mau pūnaewele hoʻomanaʻo i loko o ke kino a e pane wikiwiki a maikaʻi hoʻi inā komo hou ka pathogen like i loko o ke kino.
Kaulike o ka ʻōnaehana pale
He mea nui loa ka ʻōnaehana pale kino no ke ola ʻana, akā ʻo ka nele o ke kaulike i loko ona hiki ke alakaʻi i nā ʻano pilikia olakino like ʻole. ʻO nā hemahema o ka pale kino, inā i loaʻa a hānau ʻia paha, e hopena i ka nāwaliwali o ka hiki ke hakakā i ka maʻi. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka pane pale kino nui a i ʻole kaohi ʻole ʻia e hiki ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi autoimmune, kahi e hoʻouka ai ka ʻōnaehana pale kino i nā hunaola ponoʻī o ke kino, e like me ka mea e hana ʻia ma ka sclerosis maha a i ʻole ka rheumatoid arthritis.
ʻO nā maʻi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana pale e komo pū me nā allergies, kahi e lilo ai ka pane ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana pale i nā antigens ʻino ʻole, e like me ka pollen a i ʻole kekahi mau meaʻai, i mea hana nui. Pono ka mālama ʻana i kēia kūlana i ke komo ʻana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau kūpono e hoʻihoʻi i ka ʻōnaehana pale i ka maʻamau.
Pani
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale kino a me kāna mau hana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o "self" a me "non-self" kekahi o nā ʻano koʻikoʻi loa o ke kino kanaka. He mea nui ke olakino maikaʻi o ka pale kino ʻaʻole wale no ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi lele akā no ka mālama ʻana i ke kaulike i loko o ke kino e pale aku i nā maʻi autoimmune a i ʻole nā allergies. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana pale kino, e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ala no nā hana hou he nui i ka immunotherapy a me ka vaccination, e hāʻawi ana i ka manaʻolana hou no ka mālama ʻana i nā maʻi paʻakikī e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana pale kino.
