Nā Hana Kūikawā o nā Hui Hana
ʻO nā hopena kemika ke kikowaena o ke kemika, a ʻo nā hui hana nā ʻāpana o nā molekala e kū nei i waenakonu o ka hana kemika. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui hana kona ʻano hana ponoʻī a me nā ʻano, e hiki ai ke hoʻololi i nā ʻano kemika like ʻole. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena kikoʻī o nā hui hana ke kī i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana i nā molekala ma nā ʻano like ʻole, mai nā lāʻau lapaʻau a i ka ʻenehana mea hana.
Nā Pūʻulu Hana: Wehewehena a me ke Koʻikoʻi
ʻO kahi hui hana he hui o nā ʻātoma i loko o kahi mole e hana ana ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana reactive a hoʻoholo i nā waiwai kemika o ka mole. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā hui hana e komo pū me ka hydroxyl (-OH), carbonyl (C=O), carboxyl (-COOH), amino (-NH2), a me ka ether (-COC). Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia hui hana nā waiwai reactive kikoʻī e hiki ai ke hana i nā hopena kemika kikoʻī.
Nā Hana Kūikawā o nā Hui Hana
1. Hui Hydroxyl (-OH)
Aia nā hui Hydroxyl i loko o nā waiʻona a me nā phenols, a hōʻike lākou i nā ʻano hopena kemika like ʻole.
Ka Hana ʻOkika
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā waiʻona e hana i nā aldehydes, ketones, a me nā waikawa carboxylic. ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe mua ʻana o nā waiʻona e hana i nā aldehydes, a laila hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i nā waikawa carboxylic. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā waiʻona lua i nā ketones.
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R-CH2OH + [O] → R-CHO + [O] → R-COOH
R-CHOH-R' + [O] → R-CO-R'
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Ka hopena maloʻo
Hiki i ka maloʻo ʻana o nā waiʻona ke hana i nā alkenes a me nā ethers. I ke alo o kahi waikawa ikaika e like me H2SO4, e hele ana nā waiʻona i ka maloʻo intramolecular i nā alkenes a i ʻole ka maloʻo intermolecular i nā ethers.
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R-CH2-CH2OH → R-CH=CH2 + H2O (ka maloʻo ʻana o loko o ka molekala)
2 R-OH → ROR + H2O (dehydration intermolecular)
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2. Hui Carbonyl (C=O)
Loaʻa nā hui Carbonyl i loko o nā aldehydes, ketones, a me nā hui carboxylic. ʻO kā lākou mau hopena e komo pū me ka hoʻohui nucleophilic, ka hoʻemi ʻana, a me ka condensation.
Hoʻohui Nucleophilic
He electrophilic ke kalapona i loko o ka hui carbonyl a hiki ke hoʻouka ʻia e kahi nucleophile e hana i kahi waiʻona.
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R-CO-R' + NuH → RC(OH)(Nu)-R'
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Ka Hoʻemi ʻana i ka Hana
Hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia nā aldehydes a me nā ketones i mau waiʻona ma o nā mea hoʻemi e like me NaBH4 a i ʻole LiAlH4.
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R-CHO + 2[H] → R-CH2OH
R-CO-R' + 2[H] → R-CHOH-R'
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Ka Hana Hoʻohuihui Aldol
ʻO ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o Aldol e pili ana i ʻelua mau mole aldehyde a i ʻole ketone e hana ana i kahi β-hydroxy aldehyde a i ʻole ketone a hiki ke hoʻomaloʻo ʻia e hana i kahi enone.
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2 R-CHO → R-CH(OH)-CH(R)-CHO
R-CHOH-CH(R)-CHO → R-CH=CH(R)-CHO + H2O
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3. Hui Carboxyl (-COOH)
Hōʻike nā waikawa carboxylic i nā hopena e like me ka deprotonation, esterification, a me ka hōʻemi.
Ka Hana Deprotonation
Hiki i nā waikawa carboxylic (R-COOH) ke hoʻolilo i nā protons e hana i nā carboxylates (R-COO⁻).
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R-COOH → R-COO⁻ + H⁺
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Ka Hana Esterification
Hoʻopili nā waikawa carboxylic me nā waiʻona e hana i nā esters a me ka wai i ka hopena esterification Fischer.
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R-COOH + R'OH → R-COO-R' + H2O
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Ka Hoʻemi ʻana i ka Hana
Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia nā waikawa carboxylic i nā waiʻona me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻemi ikaika e like me LiAlH4.
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R-COOH + 4[H] → R-CH2OH + H2O
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4. Hui Amino (-NH2)
Aia nā hui Amino i loko o nā amines a hōʻike i ka alkylation, acylation, a me nā hopena nitrosation.
Nā Hana Alkylation a me Acylation
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Amines e ka alkylation o nā alkyl halides me ka ammonia a i ʻole nā amines. Hiki i nā Amines ke hana pū me nā acyl halides a i ʻole anhydrides e hana i nā amides.
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RX + NH3 → R-NH2 + HX
R-NH2 + R'-COCl → R-NH-CO-R' + HCl
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Ka hopena Nitrosation
Hiki i nā amine mua a me nā amine lua ke hana i nā hopena nitrosation me ka waikawa nitrous e hana i nā paʻakai diazonium no nā amine mua a i ʻole nā amine N-nitrose no nā amine lua.
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R-NH2 + HONO → R-N2⁺ + H2O (paʻakai diazonium)
R2NH + HONO → R2N-N=O + H2O (N-nitroso amine)
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5. Pūʻulu ʻEtera (COC)
ʻOkoʻa ka pane ʻana o nā ethers ma mua o nā waiʻona no ka mea, ʻaʻohe o lākou protons e hiki ke hoʻokuʻu maʻalahi ʻia.
Ka Hana ʻokiʻoki ʻakika
Hiki ke ʻoki ʻia nā ethers e nā waikawa ikaika e hana i nā alcohols a me nā alkyl halides.
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RO-R' + HBr → R'-OH + R'-Br
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Ka Hana ʻAutoxide o ka Ea
Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā Ethers e ka lewa e hana i nā peroxides ether pahū.
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2 RO-R' + O2 → 2 RO-R'-O-OH
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Ka hopena
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo piha ʻana i nā hopena kikoʻī o nā hui hana i loko o ke kemika organik no nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Hoʻoholo nā hui hana i nā waiwai kemika a me ka reactivity o nā molekala, e hiki ai i nā ʻano hoʻololi kemika koʻikoʻi like ʻole i loko o ke kemika organik synthetic, bioorganic, a me nā mea. Ma ka hoʻopili ʻana i kēia ʻike, hiki i nā kemika ke hoʻolālā a kūkulu i nā molekala hou me nā noi ākea i ka mālama ola, ʻenehana, a me nā mea hou aku.
