Nā ʻano o nā Plastics Biodegradable a pehea lākou i hana ʻia ai
Pendahuluan
Ua lilo ka palakika maʻamau i mea waiwai nui i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, mai ka ʻōpala meaʻai a hiki i nā huahana mea kūʻai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kona hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke kaiapuni ua hoʻoulu i ka ʻimi ʻana i nā koho ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ke kaiapuni, ʻo kekahi o ia ka palakika biodegradable. ʻO ka palakika biodegradable kahi ʻano palakika hiki ke wāwahi ʻia e nā microorganism i nā hui i ʻino ʻole i ke kaiapuni. E wehewehe kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka palakika biodegradable i loaʻa a pehea e hana ʻia ai.
Nā ʻano o ka palakiko biodegradable
1. ʻAkika Polylactic (PLA)
He palakika palaho ʻia ka PLA i hana ʻia mai nā kumuwaiwai hou, e like me ka kulina a i ʻole ke kō. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka PLA i loko o nā ʻōmole, nā ʻōpala meaʻai, a me ke kaula filament no ka paʻi 3D. Hiki i ka PLA ke palaho i loko o nā wahi hana composting ʻoihana i loko o 1-6 mau mahina.
2. Nā Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
He polyester kūlohelohe ka PHA i hana ʻia e nā microorganism ma o ka fermentation o nā kō a i ʻole nā lipids. He ākea nā noi a PHA, me ka hana ʻana i nā ʻeke plastik, ka hoʻopili ʻana, a me kekahi mau noi lapaʻau. He biodegradable loa ka PHA a hiki ke palaho i nā wahi kai a me ka lepo.
3. Nā Palakiko i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Starch
ʻO nā palakiko i hana ʻia me ka starch he mau hui ʻana o ka starch maoli (mai ka kulina, ʻuala, a palaoa paha) me nā palakiko synthetic a i ʻole nā palakiko biodegradable ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā palakiko i hana ʻia me ka starch e hana i nā ʻeke kūʻai, nā ʻōwili meaʻai, a me nā hana mahiʻai like ʻole.
4. Waikawa Polyglycolic (PGA)
He ʻano palakika biodegradable ka PGA i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā noi lapaʻau e like me nā sutures ʻoki kino biodegradable. Loaʻa i ka PGA nā waiwai biodegradation maikaʻi loa a hiki ke palaho loa i loko o nā mahina ke kau ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano pulu.
5. Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
He polyester biodegradable ka PBS me nā waiwai mechanical a me thermal e like me nā plastics maʻamau (e like me ka polyethylene). Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka PBS i ka hoʻopili ʻana, nā mea ʻaina hoʻolei, a me nā noi mahiʻai. Hiki i ka PBS ke palaho i ka lepo a me ka wai.
6. Nā Palakiko i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Cellulose
Hana ʻia nā palakiko i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka cellulose mai ka cellulose, ka ʻāpana nui o nā paia cell mea kanu. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau palakiko i ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni palakiko, nā uhi, a me nā noi hoʻopili like ʻole. Hiki i ka Cellulose ke palaho kūlohelohe i loko o nā mahina a i nā makahiki, ma muli o nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni.
Pehea e hana ai i ka palakiko biodegradable
ʻOkoʻa ke kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i ka plastic biodegradable ma muli o ke ʻano o ka plastic e hana ʻia nei. Eia kekahi mau ʻano hana maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka plastic biodegradable:
Polylactic Acid (PLA)
1. Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ke Kō
Hoʻomaka kēia kaʻina hana me ka unuhi ʻana o ke kō mai nā mea kanu e like me ka kulina a i ʻole ke kō. A laila hoʻomoʻa ʻia kēia kō e ka bacteria e hana i ka waikawa lactic.
2. Hoʻohuihui
ʻO ka hopena o ka waikawa lactic e hele i loko o ke kaʻina hana polymerization e hana i ka polylactide, ʻo ia ke ʻano polymer o PLA.
3. Hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Huahana Hope Loa
Ua ninini ʻia ka PLA wai i loko o nā ʻōmole a i ʻole i hoʻopuka ʻia e hana i nā huahana hope loa e like me nā pepa palakiko, nā ʻōmole, a i ʻole ke kaula no ka paʻi 3D.
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
1. Hoʻomoʻa ʻana
Hoʻoulu ʻia nā microorganism e like me ka bacteria i loko o kahi medium fermentation waiwai i ke kalapona, e like me ke kō a i ʻole nā lipids. Hoʻopuka kēia mau microorganism i ka PHA ma ke ʻano he waihona ikehu ma ke ʻano o nā inclusions i loko o kā lākou mau cell.
2. Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana
ʻO ka mea aʻe, ua unuhi ʻia ka PHA mai nā microorganism a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e wehe i nā mea hoʻohui ʻaʻole PHA.
3. Hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Huahana Hope Loa
A laila hana hou ʻia kēia hui ʻana o PHA e like me nā pono ʻoihana, no ka laʻana, hana ʻia i loko o nā ʻeke palakiko a i ʻole nā mea hoʻopili.
Nā Palakiko i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Starch
1. Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka Mānoanoa
Hoʻopuka ʻia ka mānoanoa mai nā kumu kūlohelohe e like me ka kulina, ka ʻuala, a i ʻole ka palaoa.
2. Ke kāwili ʻana me nā Plastics ʻē aʻe
A laila ua hui pū ʻia ka starch i unuhi ʻia me nā plastics biodegradable ʻē aʻe a i ʻole nā mea hoʻopaʻa, e hopena ana i kahi mea i hui pū ʻia hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻano hana like ʻole.
3. Hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Huahana Hope Loa
A laila hoʻokumu ʻia kēia mea i hui ʻia ma o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a i ʻole extrusion i loko o kahi huahana hope loa e like me ka ʻeke kūʻai a i ʻole ka ʻūpā meaʻai.
ʻAkika Polyglycolic (PGA)
1. Ka Polymerization Glycolide
Hana ʻia ka PGA ma o ka polymerization o nā glycolides, ʻo ia hoʻi nā diesters o ka glycolic acid.
2. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe
Ma hope o ka polymerization, ua crystallized a hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ka PGA e wehe i nā reagents a me nā koena i koe mai ke kaʻina hana polymerization.
3. Hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Huahana Hope Loa
A laila hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka PGA mākaukau e hoʻohana i nā huahana hope loa e like me nā sutures ʻoki kino biodegradable a i ʻole nā mea hoʻokomo lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe.
Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)
1. Hoʻohuihui
Hana ʻia ʻo PBS mai ka copolymerization o ka succinate a me ka butandiol ma o ke kaʻina hana polymerization maʻamau.
2. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe
Ma hope o ka polymerization, hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ʻo PBS e wehe i nā monomers a me nā catalysts i koe.
3. Hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Huahana Hope Loa
Hiki ke hoʻopuka ʻia a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia paha ka PBS i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e hana i nā huahana hope e like me nā mea ʻokiʻoki hoʻolei a i ʻole nā ʻoniʻoni plastik.
Nā Palakiko i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka Cellulose
1. Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka Cellulose
Ua unuhi ʻia ka Cellulose mai nā kumu kūlohelohe e like me ka lāʻau a i ʻole ka pulupulu.
2. Hoʻololi Kemika
A laila hoʻololi ʻia ka cellulose i unuhi ʻia ma o nā kaʻina hana kemika e like me ka esterification a i ʻole etherification e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona mau waiwai ma ke ʻano he plastic.
3. Hoʻokumu ʻana i ka Huahana Hope Loa
Hoʻohana hope ʻia ka cellulose i hoʻololi ʻia i ka hana ʻana o nā huahana hope loa ma o ke kālai ʻana a i ʻole ka extrusion.
Ka hopena
Hāʻawi nā plastik biodegradable i kahi hopena ʻoi aku ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni ma mua o nā plastik maʻamau, me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana i hana ʻia no nā noi like ʻole. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano plastik biodegradable a me kā lākou mau ʻano hana, hiki iā mākou ke koho a hoʻohana pono i nā huahana plastik e mālama i ke kaiapuni.
Kuhikuhi
– Leja, K., & Lewandowicz, G. (2010). ʻO ka biodegradation polymer a me nā polymers biodegradable—he loiloi. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 19(2), 255-266.
– Shah, A. A., Hassan, F., Hameed, A., & Ahmed, S. (2008). Ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā palakiko i ka ʻiolaola: He loiloi piha. Nā holomua o ka ʻenehana ʻiolaola, 26(3), 246-265.
