Thermodynamics - nā pilikia a me nā hoʻonā
ʻO ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics
1. Ma muli o ka pakuhi PV ma lalo nei, he aha ka lakio o ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana I, i ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana II?
ʻIke ʻia:
Kaʻina Hana 1:
Kaomi (P) = 20 N/ m2
Ka nui mua (V 1 ) = 10 lita = 10 dm 3 = 10 x 10 -3 m 3
Ka nui hope loa (V 2 ) = 40 lita = 40 dm 3 = 40 x 10 -3 m 3
Kaʻina Hana 2:
Kaʻina Hana (P) = 15 N/ m2
Ka nui mua (V 1 ) = 20 lita = 20 dm 3 = 20 x 10 -3 m 3
Ka nui hope loa (V 2 ) = 60 lita = 60 dm 3 = 60 x 10 -3 m 3
Makemake ʻia: ʻO ka lakio o ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea
Lōlā:
ʻO ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana I:
W = P ΔV = P (V 2 –V 1 ) = (20)(40-10)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (20)(30)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (600)(10 -3 m 3 ) = 0.6 m 3
ʻO ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana II:
W = P ΔV = P (V 2 –V 1 ) = (15)(60-20)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (15)(40)(10 -3 m 3 ) = (600)(10 -3 m 3 ) = 0.6 m 3
ʻO ka lakio o ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana I a me ke kaʻina hana II:
0.6 m3 : 0.6 m3
1: 1
2.
Ma muli o ka pakuhi ma lalo nei, he aha ka hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea helium ma ke kaʻina hana AB?
ʻIke ʻia:
Kaomi (P) = 2 x 10 5 N/m 2 = 2 x 10 5 Pascals
Ka nui mua (V 1 ) = 5 kenimika 3 = 5 x 10 -6 m 3
Ka nui hope loa (V 2 ) = 15 kenimika 3 = 15 x 10 -6 m 3
Makemake ʻia: Hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea ma ke kaʻina hana AB
Lōlā:
W = ∆P ∆V
W = P (V 2 – V 1 )
W = (2 x 10 5 )(15 x 10 -6 – 5 x 10 -6 )
W = (2 x 10 5 )(10 x 10 -6 ) = (2 x 10 5 )(1 x 10 -5 )
W = 2 Joule
3.
Ma muli o ke kiʻikuhi ma lalo nei, he aha ka hana i hana ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana AB?
ʻIke ʻia:
Kaomi mua (P 1 ) = 4 Pa = 4 N/m 2
Kaomi hope loa (P 2 ) = 6 Pa = 6 N/m 2
Ka nui mua (V 1 ) = 2 m 3
Ka nui hope loa (V 2 ) = 4 m 3
Makemake ʻia: hana i hana ʻia aʻu e hana ai
Lōlā:
Hana i hana ʻia e ke kinoea = wahi ma lalo o ke kūlou ab
W = ka nui o ka huinakolu + ka nui o ka huinahā
W = ½ (6-4)(4-2) + 4(4-2)
W = ½ (2)(2) + 4(2)
W = 2 + 8
W = 10 Joule
4. Ma muli o ka pakuhi ma lalo nei, he aha ka hana i hana ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana ABCA.
Lōlā:
Hana (W) = ʻĀpana o ka huinakolu ABC
W = ½ (20-10)(6 x 10 5 – 2 x 10 5 )
W = ½ (10)(4 x 10 5 )
W = (5)(4 x 10 5 )
W = 20 x 10 5
W = 2 x 10 6 Joule
5. Hoʻopili kahi ʻenekini i 2000 Joules o ka wela ma kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe a hoʻopau i 1200 Joules o ka wela ma kahi mahana haʻahaʻa. He aha ka pono o ka ʻenekini?
ʻIke ʻia:
Ka hoʻokomo wela (Q H ) = 2000 Joules
Ka hoʻopuka wela (Q L ) = 1200 Joules
Hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻenekini (W) = 2000 – 1200 = 800 Joules
Makemake ʻia: ka pono (e)
Lōlā:
e = W / Q H
e = 800/2000
e = 0.4 x 100%
e = 40%
6. Hoʻopili kahi ʻenekini i ka wela ma 960 Kelvin a hoʻokuʻu ka ʻenekini i ka wela ma 576 Kelvin. He aha ka pono o ka ʻenekini.
ʻIke ʻia:
Mahana kiʻekiʻe (T H ) = 960 K
Haʻahaʻa ka mahana (T L ) = 576 K
Makemake ʻia: ka pono (e)
Lōlā:
Ka pono o ka ʻenekini Carnot = 0.4 x 100% = 40%
7. Ma muli o ke kiʻikuhi ma lalo nei, ʻo ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻenekini he 6000 Joules. He aha ka wela i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ʻenekini i kēlā me kēia pōʻai?
ʻIke ʻia:
Hana (W) = 6000 Joule
Mahana kiʻekiʻe (T H ) = 800 Kelvin
Haʻahaʻa ka mahana (T L ) = 300 Kelvin
Makemake ʻia: ka wela i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ʻenekini
Hoʻonā :
Ka pono o Carnot (kūpono):
Ka wela i omo ʻia e ka ʻenekini Carnot:
W = e Q 1
6000 = (0.625) Q 1
Q 1 = 6000 / 0.625
Q 1 = 9600
Ka wela i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e ka ʻenekini Carnot:
Q 2 = Q 1 – W
Q 2 = 9600 – 6000
Q 2 = 3600 Joule
8. ʻO ka pono o ka ʻenekini Carnot he 40%. Inā omo ʻia ka wela ma 727°C a laila he aha ka mahana haʻahaʻa.
ʻIke ʻia:
Ka pono (e) = 40% = 40/100 = 0.4
Mahana kiʻekiʻe (T H ) = 727 o C + 273 = 1000 K
Makemake ʻia: Haʻahaʻa ka mahana
Lōlā:
T L = 600 Kelvin – 273 = 327 o C
9. Ma muli o ka pakuhi ma lalo nei, inā omo ka ʻenekini i 800 J o ka wela, he aha ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻenekini.
ʻIke ʻia:
Mahana kiʻekiʻe (T H ) = 600 Kelvin
Haʻahaʻa ka mahana (T L ) = 250 Kelvin
Hoʻokomo wela (Q 1 ) = 800 Joules
Makemake ʻia: Hana (W)
Lōlā:
Ka pono o ka mīkini Carnot:
Ua hana ʻia ka hana e ka mīkini:
W = e Q 1
W = (7/12)(800 Joules)
W = 466.7 Joule
10. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana o kahi ʻenekini Carnot he 600 K. Inā omo ka ʻenekini i 600 J o ka wela a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa he 400 K, he aha ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻenekini.
ʻIke ʻia:
Haʻahaʻa ka mahana (T L ) = 400 K
Mahana kiʻekiʻe (T H ) = 600 K
Hoʻokomo wela (Q 1 ) = 600 Joules
Makemake ʻia: Ua hana ʻia ka hana e ka ʻenekini Carnot (W)
Lōlā:
Ka pono o ka mīkini Carnot:
Ua hana ʻia ka hana e ka ʻenekini Carnot:
W = e Q 1
W = (1/3)(600) = 200 Joule
- He aha ke kumu nui o ka thermodynamics? paneKe nānā nui nei ʻo Thermodynamics i ke aʻo ʻana i ka ikehu, kona hoʻololi ʻana, a me kona pilina me nā mea, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻōnaehana ma ke kaulike.
- Pehea e pili ai ke kānāwai zero o ka thermodynamics i ka mahana? paneʻŌlelo ke kānāwai zeroth inā ʻelua mau ʻōnaehana i ke kaulike wela me kahi ʻōnaehana ʻekolu, a laila aia lākou i ke kaulike wela me kekahi. Hōʻike kēia i ke ola ʻana o kahi waiwai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka mahana, ʻo ia ka mea like no nā ʻōnaehana āpau i ke kaulike wela.
- He aha ka mea a ke kānāwai mua o ka thermodynamics e wehewehe nei? paneʻO ke kānāwai mua, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke kānāwai o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia a luku ʻia paha ka ikehu, hoʻololi wale ʻia mai kekahi ʻano i kekahi. I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana pani ʻia, ua like ka loli o ka ikehu kūloko me ka wela i hoʻohui ʻia i ka ʻōnaehana me ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka hana i hana ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana ma kona wahi a puni.
- No ke aha he mea nui ke kānāwai ʻelua o ka thermodynamics no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke kuhikuhi o nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe? paneʻŌlelo ke kānāwai ʻelua e hoʻonui mau ana ka entropy (a i ʻole ka haunaele) o kahi ʻōnaehana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia a i ʻole e mau ana. Kuhikuhi kēia e hoʻopuehu wale ka ikehu inā ʻaʻole i keakea ʻia mai ka hana ʻana pēlā, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kuhikuhi i nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe a wehewehe pono i ke kumu e hana koke ʻia ai kekahi mau kaʻina hana ʻoiai ʻaʻole hana kekahi.
- He aha ka entropy, a pehea e pili ai i ka haunaele i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana? paneʻO ka Entropy ke ana o ka nui o ka ikehu i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana i loaʻa ʻole e hana i ka hana. Hoʻākāka pinepine ʻia hoʻi ia he ana o ka maʻi a i ʻole ka randomness o ka ʻōnaehana. Ma keʻano laulā, ʻo ka entropy kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i ka maʻi nui a i ʻole ka randomness.
- Pehea e wehewehe ai ke kānāwai ʻekolu o ka thermodynamics i ka entropy o kahi kristal kūpono ma ka zero absolute? paneʻŌlelo ke kānāwai ʻekolu ʻo ka entropy o kahi kristal kūpono he zero pololei ia ma ka mahana zero loa (0 Kelvin). ʻO ia hoʻi, ma kēia mahana, ua hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ka ʻōnaehana.
- No ke aha e hiki ʻole ai i ka wela ke kahe mai ke kino anu a i ke kino wela ma kāna iho? paneʻO kēia ʻano hana ka hopena o ke kānāwai ʻelua o ka thermodynamics. Inā e kahe ka wela mai kahi kino anu a i kahi kino wela me ka manaʻo ʻole, e alakaʻi ia i ka emi ʻana o ka entropy holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana, kahi mea i makemake ʻole ʻia e nā kaʻina hana kūlohelohe.
- He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kahi ʻōnaehana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, pani ʻia, a wehe ʻia i ka thermodynamics? paneʻAʻole hoʻololi kahi ʻōnaehana i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka ikehu a i ʻole ka mea me kona puni. Hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana pani ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu akā ʻaʻole ia he mea me kona puni. Hiki i kahi ʻōnaehana hāmama ke hoʻololi i ka ikehu a me ka mea me kona puni.
- Pehea ka ʻokoʻa o ka manaʻo o "hana" i loko o ka thermodynamics mai ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēlā me kēia lā i ka huaʻōlelo? paneMa ka thermodynamics, ʻo "hana" e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻoili ikehu kahi e hoʻoneʻe ai nā ikaika i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi mea iā ia ma ke kuhikuhi e like me ka ikaika. No ka laʻana, ke hoʻonui ʻia ke kinoea e kūʻē i ka piston, hana ia ma ka piston. He wehewehe kikoʻī kēia i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēlā me kēia lā o "hana," ʻo ia hoʻi kekahi hana a hana paha.
-
He aha ka pōʻaiapuni Carnot, a no ke aha he mea nui ia i ka thermodynamics? Pane : ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni Carnot kahi pōʻaiapuni thermodynamic kūpono e hāʻawi ana i kahi palena kiʻekiʻe ma ka pono e hiki ai i kekahi mīkini thermodynamic kuʻuna ke hoʻokō i ka wā o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wela i ka hana (a i ʻole ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe). He mea nui ia no ka mea e hoʻonohonoho ana i kahi palena pono kumu e pili ana i nā mahana o nā waihona wela ma waena o kahi e hana ai kahi mīkini.
