ʻO ke kānāwai kinoea kūpono

ʻAʻole pili nā kānāwai kinoea o Boyle, ke kānāwai Charles a me Gay-Lussac i nā kūlana kinoea āpau, no laila e paʻakikī ana kā mākou loiloi. No laila, ua hōʻike ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike kinoea kūpono. ʻAʻole i loaʻa ke kinoea kūpono i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā; ʻo ke kinoea kūpono ke ʻano kūpono e hoʻomaʻalahi i ka loiloi. ʻO ke ola ʻana o kēia manaʻo kinoea kūpono e kōkua nui iā mākou i ka nānā ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā kānāwai ʻekolu o ke kinoea.

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka mahana, ka nui, a me ke kaomi kinoea

Ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana i nā kānāwai kinoea ʻekolu ma luna, hiki iā mākou ke loaʻa kahi pilina laulā ma waena o ka mahana, ka leo, a me ke kaomi kinoea.

P ₁ = kaomi mua (Pa a i ʻole N/m ² ), P ₂ = kaomi hope loa (Pa a i ʻole N/m ² ), V ₁ = ka nui mua (m ³ ), V ₂ = ka nui hope loa (m ³ ), T ₁ = ka mahana mua (K), T ₂ = ka mahana hope loa (K)

(Pa = pascal, N = Newton, m2 ⁼ mika huinaha, m3 ⁼ mika cubic, K = Kelvin)

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ke kinoea nuipa (m) a me ka nui (V)

ʻO ka nui o ka ea i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka baluna laholio, ʻo ka nui o ka pehu o ka baluna. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka nui o ke kinoea, ʻo ka nui o ka nui o ka baluna. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻōlelo he kūlike pololei ka nui o ke kinoea (m) me ka nui o ke kinoea (V).

Helu o nā mole (n)

1 mole = ka nuipaʻa o kahi mea e like me ka nuipaʻa molekala o ka mea. He ʻokoʻa ka nuipaʻa a me ka nuipaʻa oxygen molekala.

Laʻana 1, ʻo ka nuipaʻa molekala oxygen (O ₂ ) = 16 u + 16 u = 32 u (aia i kēlā me kēia molekala oxygen he 2 mau ʻātoma Oxygen, kahi he 16 u ke kaumaha o kēlā me kēia ʻātoma Oxygen). No laila, he 32 grams ke kaumaha o 1 mole O _{2. A i ʻole ʻo ka nuipaʻa molekala o O 2} = 32 grams / mol = 32 kg/kmol.

Laʻana 2, ʻo ke kaumaha molekala o ke kinoea carbon monooxide (CO) = 12 u + 16 u = 28 u (aia i kēlā me kēia molekala o ke kalapona monoxide he 1 ʻātoma kalapona (C) a me 1 ʻātoma oxygen (O). ʻO ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma kalapona = 12 u a me ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma oxygen = 16 u. 12 u + 16 u = 28 u). No laila, he 28 grams ke kaumaha o 1 mole o CO. A i ʻole ʻo ke kaumaha molekala o CO = 28 grams/mol = 28 kg/kmol.

Laʻana 3, ke kaumaha molekala o ke kinoea kalapona ʻokikene (CO2) = [12 u + (2 x 16 u)] = [12 u + 32 u] = 44 u (aia i kēlā me kēia molekala kalapona ʻokikene 1 ʻātoma kalapona (C) a me 2 ʻātoma oxygen (O). ʻO ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma Kalapona = 12 u a me ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma oxygen = 16 u). No laila, he 44 gram ke kaumaha o 1 mole o CO2 _. A i ʻole ke kaumaha molekala o CO2 ₌ 44 grams/mol = 44 kg/kmol.

ʻO ka helu o nā mole (n) o kahi mea = ka lakio nuipa o ka mea i kona nuipa molekala. Ma ke ʻano makemakika:

Question 1:

E helu i ka helu o nā mole ma 64 g o O ₂

_{Ka nuipa} O2 = 64 grams

ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o O ₂ = 32 grams/mol

Nīnau 2:

E helu i ka helu o nā moles ma 280 grams o CO

Ka nuipa CO = 280 grams

ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o CO = 28 grams/mol

Nīnau 3:

E helu i ka helu o nā moles ma 176 grams o _CO2

_{Ka nuipa} CO2 = 176 grams

ʻO ke kaumaha molekala o CO2 ₌ 44 grams/mol

Nā kūpaʻa kinoea honua (R)

Ma muli o ka noiʻi a nā kānaka ʻepekema, ua ʻike ʻia inā e hoʻohana ʻia ka helu o nā mole (n) e hōʻike i ka nui o kahi mea, a laila ua like ka waiwai o ke kūpaʻa o ka hoʻohālikelike no kēlā me kēia kinoea. ʻO ke kūpaʻa e pili ana ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa kinoea honua (R).

R = 8.315 J/mol. K

= 8315 kJ / kmol. K

= 0.0821 (L.atm) / (mol. K)

= 1.99 kal / mol. K

(J = Joule, K = Kelvin, L = lita, atm = lewa, cal = calorie)

KE KĀNĀWAI KINOA IDEAL (ma ka helu o nā mole)

Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ma luna nei i mau kaulike ma ke komo ʻana i ka helu o nā mole (n) a me nā kūpaʻa kinoea honua (R).

PV = n RT

Ua kapa ʻia kēia kaulike ʻo ke kānāwai kinoea kūpono a i ʻole ke kaulike mokuʻāina kinoea kūpono.

P = kaomi kinoea (N/ ^m2 )

V = ka nui o ke kinoea ( ^m3 )

n = ka helu o nā mole (mole)

R = nā kūpaʻa kinoea honua (R = 8.315 J/mol. K)

T = ka mahana piha o ke kinoea (K)

I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia, e ʻike ʻoe i ka huaʻōlelo STP. ʻO STP ka Mahana a me ke Kaomi Maʻamau.

Mahana maʻamau (T) = 0 ^o C = 273 K

Kaomi maʻamau (P) = 1 atm = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ N / m ² = 1.013 x 10 ² kPa = 101 kPa

I ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā pilikia kānāwai kinoea, pono e hōʻike ʻia ka mahana ma ke ana Kelvin (K). Inā he kaomi ana nō ke kaomi kinoea, e hoʻololi mua iā ia i ke kaomi paʻa. Kaomi paʻa = kaomi lewa + kaomi ana. Inā ʻo ka mea i ʻike ʻia he kaomi lewa (ʻaʻohe kaomi ana), e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia.

Nīnau 1:

Ma ke kaomi lewa (101 kPa), ʻo ka mahana o ke kinoea kalapona ʻokikene = 20 ^o C a ʻo kona nui = 2 lita. Inā hoʻololi ʻia ke kaomi i 201 kPa a hoʻonui ʻia ka mahana i 40 °C, e helu i ka nui hope loa o ke kinoea kalapona ʻokikene.

pāʻoihana

P ₁ = 101 kPa

P ₂ = 201 kPa

T ₁ = 20 ^o C + 273 K = 293 K

T ₂ = 40 ^o C + 273 K = 313 K

V ₁ = 2 lita

Nīnau 2:

E hoʻoholo i ka nui o 2 moles o ke kinoea ma STP (ʻo kēia kinoea ke kinoea kūpono)

pāʻoihana

Nīnau 3:

Ka nui o ke kinoea oxygen ma STP = 20 m3 ^. E helu i ka nuipa kinoea oxygen.

pāʻoihana

^{Ka nui o} 1 mole o ke kinoea ma STP = 22.4 lita = 22.4 dm³ ⁼ 22.4 x 10 ^-3 m³ (22.4 x 10 ^-3 m³ / ^mol )

Ka nui o ke kinoea oxygen ma STP = 20 ^m3

ʻO ke kaumaha o nā mole oxygen = 32 grams / mol (ʻo ke kaumaha o 1 mole oxygen = 32 grams). No laila, ʻo ke kaumaha kinoea oxygen:

nuipaʻa (m) = helu o nā mole (n) x nuipaʻa molekala

nuipa = (893 mol) x (32 grams / mol) = 28576 grams = 28.576 kg

Nīnau 4:

Aia i loko o kahi pahu he 4 lita o ka oxygen (O2 ₎ . ʻO ka mahana o ka oxygen he = 20 ^o C a ʻo ke kaomi i ana ʻia he = 20 x 105 ^N /m2 ^. E hoʻoholo i ka nuipa o ka oxygen ( ʻO ka nuipa molekala o ka oxygen = 32 kg/kmol = 32 gram/mol).

pāʻoihana

P = P atm + P i ana ʻia = (1 x 10 ⁵ N/m² ⁾ + (20 x 10 ⁵ N/m² ⁾ = 21 x 10 ⁵ N/ ^m²

T = 20 ^o C + 273 = 293 K

V = 4 lita = 4 dm3 ^{= 4} x 10 ^-3 m3

R = 8.315 J/mol. K = 8.315 Nm/mol. K

Ka nuipa molekole o ka oxygen = 32 kg/kmol = 32 grams/mol

ʻO ka nuipa _O2?

KE KĀNĀWAI KINOA IDEAL (Ma ka helu o nā molekala)

Inā mākou e haʻi i ka nui o ka mea ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano o ka nuipa (m), akā ma ka helu o nā mole (n), a laila pili ke ʻano mau kinoea honua (R) i nā kinoea āpau. Ua ʻike mua ʻia e Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856), he kanaka ʻepekema Italia.

Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Avogadro, inā like ka nui, ke kaomi, a me ka mahana o kēlā me kēia kinoea, ua like ka helu o nā molekala o kēlā me kēia kinoea.

Pili ka kuhiakau ʻo Avogadro i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua like ke kūpaʻa R no nā kinoea āpau. Eia kekahi mau hōʻoia:

ʻO ka mea mua, inā mākou e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike kānāwai kinoea kūpono (PV = nRT), e ʻike mākou i ka wā e like ai ka helu o nā mole (n),

Ua like nō hoʻi ke kaomi a me ka mahana, a laila e like ka nui o nā kinoea āpau inā hoʻohana mākou i nā kūpaʻa kinoea honua R = 8.315 J / mol. K). Ma STP, ʻo kēlā me kēia kinoea me ka helu like o nā mole (n) e loaʻa ka nui like. ʻO ka nui o 1 mole o ke kinoea ma STP = 22.4 lita. ʻO ka nui o 2 mole o ke kinoea = 44.8 lita. ʻO ka nui o 3 mole o ke kinoea = 67.2 lita. A pēlā aku. Pili kēia i nā kinoea āpau.

ʻO ka lua, ua like ka helu o nā molekala i loko o 1 mole no nā kinoea āpau. ʻO ka helu o nā molekala i loko o 1 mole = ka helu o nā molekala no kēlā me kēia mole = ka helu Avogadro (NA). No laila, ua like ka helu Avogadro no nā kinoea āpau.

Ka helu o Avogadro i loaʻa ma o ke ana ʻana:

NA = 6.02 x 10 ²³ mau molekala / mol

No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka huina o nā molekala (N), e hoʻonui i ka helu o nā molekala no kēlā me kēia mole (N _A ) me ka helu o nā mole (n).

Ka huina o nā molekala (N) = ka helu o nā molekala no kēlā me kēia mole (N _A ) x ka helu o nā molekala (n)

P = Kaomi, V = Leo, N = Huina o nā molekala, k = Boltzmann constant (k = 1.38 x 10-23 J / K), T = Mahana

Units Volume

1 lita (L) = 1000 milliliters (mL) = 1000 cubic centimeters (cm ³ )

1 lita (L) = 1 dekimika cubic (dm ³ ) = 1 x 10 ^-3 m ³

Nā Unit Puʻe

1 N/m2 ⁼ 1 Pa

1 atm = 1.013 x 10 ⁵ N/m2 ⁼ 1.013 x 10 ⁵ Pa = 1.013 x 10 ² kPa = 101.3 kPa (hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he 101 kPa)

Pa = pascal

atm = lewa