ʻAtikala e pili ana i ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma a me ke kumumanaʻo kinetic
Ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma
No nā tausani makahiki, ua manaʻoʻiʻo nā Helene kahiko he mau ʻātoma kēlā me kēia mea maʻemaʻe (e like me ke gula, ka hao, a pēlā aku). Wahi a lākou, inā ʻoki ʻia kahi mea maʻemaʻe i mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila ʻoki hou ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi, a laila ʻoki hou ʻia ... a pēlā aku, a laila e loaʻa nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke ʻoki hou ʻia. ʻO nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i hiki ʻole ke ʻoki hou ʻia ua kapa ʻia ʻo nā ʻātoma. ʻO ke ʻano o ka ʻātoma "ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele ʻia" (ʻōlelo Helene)
I kēlā manawa, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole i māhele ʻia ka ʻātoma. Akā ma hope mai ua ʻike kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i nā electrons a me nā nuclei atomika (nā protons a me nā neutrons) no laila ua hewa ka manaʻo ʻaʻole hiki ke māhele ʻia nā ʻātoma. No laila, aia nā ʻātoma i nā electrons (i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻole ʻia) a me nā nuclei atomika. Hoʻopuni nā electrons i ka nucleus. I loko o ka nucleus, aia nā protons (i hoʻopiʻi maikaʻi ʻia) a me nā neutrons (kūlike ʻole a ʻaʻole i hoʻopiʻi ʻia).
Aia kekahi kumumanaʻo ʻē aʻe; ʻo ka inoa ʻo ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau. Ke ʻōlelo nei kēia kumumanaʻo hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia nā mea maʻemaʻe i ka palena ʻole. Wahi a kēia kumumanaʻo, ʻaʻohe mea e like me ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa. Hiki ke ʻoki ʻia nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. No laila, lilo ia i palena ʻole. ʻO wai o kēia mau kumumanaʻo ʻelua ka pololei? ʻO ke kumumanaʻo atomika pololei a i ʻole ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau?
I loko o ke kinoea, e ʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia kumumanaʻo ʻepekema inā hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia ke kumumanaʻo i nā hoʻokolohua. I nā kenekulia 18, 19 a me 20, ma o nā hoʻokolohua i mālama ʻia e nā kānaka ʻepekema, ua ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kumumanaʻo atomika.
ʻO ka mea mua, e hoʻomaopopo i nā loiloi aʻe. ʻO nā mea he mau mea maʻemaʻe ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā mea ʻē aʻe ma ke ʻano kemika, no ka laʻana ke gula (Au), ka hao (Fe), ke keleawe (Cu), ka zinc (Zn), ka Sodium (Na), ka Calcium (Ca), ka chlorine (Cl), ka Nitrogen (N), ka oxygen (O), ka hydrogen (H) a pēlā aku. Ma waho aʻe o nā mea, aia kekahi mau hui. Loaʻa nā hui i nā mea. No ka mea, aia nā mea, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka hui i nā mea. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā hui he wai.
ʻO ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea he ʻātoma, ʻoiai ʻo ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi hui he molekala. Loaʻa nā molekala i nā ʻātoma e pili pū ana. ʻO ke gula maʻemaʻe kahi laʻana o kahi mea. Loaʻa ke gula maʻemaʻe i nā ʻātoma gula (Au). ʻO nā ʻāpana hao kekahi laʻana o nā mea. Loaʻa ka hao i nā ʻātoma hao (Fe). No laila, he mea maʻemaʻe ka mea i hana ʻia me nā ʻātoma like.
ʻO ka wai āu e ʻike pinepine ai, paʻa ai, a inu ai, ua haku ʻia me nā molekala wai (ʻo ke ʻano kemika ʻo H2O ) . Aia nā molekala wai i ʻelua mau ʻātoma Hydrogen (H) a me hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (O).
Eia kekahi mau hōʻike o ke kumumanaʻo atomika:
ʻO ka mea mua, ke kānāwai o ka hoʻohālikelike mau.
ʻŌlelo ke kānāwai o ka hoʻohālikelike inā hui pū nā mea e lilo i mau hui, loaʻa i nā hui i hoʻokumu ʻia ka lakio nui like. No ka laʻana, ka paʻakai. ʻO ka paʻakai a mākou e ʻike nei he hui ia i haku ʻia me nā molekala paʻakai (NaCl). ʻO ke ʻano maoli, ua hoʻokumu mau ʻia nā molekala paʻakai mai 23 mau ʻāpana o ka sodium (Na) a me 35 mau ʻāpana o ka chlorine (Cl).
ʻAʻole hiki i ke kumumanaʻo hoʻomau ke wehewehe iā ia, akā hiki i ke kumumanaʻo atomika ke wehewehe iā ia. Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo atomika, ʻo nā ʻātoma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kahi mea i loaʻa ai ka nuipaʻa o nā ʻātoma. Pono e pili ka lakio nuipaʻa o nā mea o kahi hui i ka nuipaʻa pili o nā ʻātoma e hana ana i ka mea. Ma muli o ka helu o kēlā me kēia mea e hana ana i nā hui, hoʻoholo nā kānaka ʻepekema i ka nuipaʻa pili o nā ʻātoma. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he pilipaʻa no ka mea ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka nuipaʻa pili o kahi mea i ka nuipaʻa pili o nā ʻātoma elemental ʻē aʻe.
ʻO ka hydrogen ka ʻātoma māmā loa, no laila ua hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he ana hoʻohālikelike. Hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H) i ka waiwai o 1. Ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka nuipa pili o kahi ʻātoma hydrogen ma ke ʻano he ana hoʻohālikelike, hāʻawi ʻia ka nuipa pili o ka ʻātoma kalapona (C) i ka waiwai o 12,
ua hāʻawi ʻia ke kaumaha pili o ka ʻātoma oxygen (O) i kahi waiwai o 16 a pēlā aku (e nānā i ka papa manawa o nā mea). ʻO ke kaumaha pili o kahi ʻātoma kalapona = 12 ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma kalapona he 12 manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H). ʻO ke kaumaha pili o kahi ʻātoma oxygen = 16 ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ke kaumaha o kahi ʻātoma oxygen he 16 manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ke kaumaha o hoʻokahi ʻātoma hydrogen (H).
Ma ka ʻŌnaehana Honua (SI) loaʻa iā mākou kahi kūlana kaumaha, ʻo ia hoʻi ka iridium platinum, kahi i mālama ʻia i loko o nā ʻoihana kaumaha a me ka nui o ka honua ma Farani. Ma lalo o ka ʻaelike honua, ʻo ka nui o ka iridium platinum he 1 kg, he kilogram maʻamau kēia. Ma kahi unahi atomika, loaʻa iā mākou kahi kūlana kaumaha ʻelua, ʻo ia hoʻi he 12 C mau ʻātoma kalapona. Ma muli o nā ʻaelike honua, ʻo ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma kalapona 12 C he 12,0000 mau ʻāpana nui atomika i hoʻohui ʻia (i hoʻopōkole ʻia ʻo u).
1 u = 1.66 x 10 -27 kg.
ʻO ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma kalapona (C) = 12.0000 u, ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma hydrogen (H) = 1,0078 u, ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma oxygen (O) = 15.9994 u, ke kaumaha o 1 ʻātoma sodium = 22.9897 u a pēlā aku. E pili ana i ke kaumaha ʻātoma, hiki ke ʻike piha ʻia ma ka papa periodic o nā mea.
Ma waho aʻe o ka nuipaʻa atomika, aia kekahi nuipaʻa molekala. ʻO ka nuipaʻa molekala ka nuipaʻa holoʻokoʻa o nā ʻātoma o kahi molekala. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nuipaʻa o kahi molekala paʻakai (NaCl) = ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma o ka sodium (Na) + ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma o ka chlorine (Cl). ʻO ka nuipaʻa o nā molekala wai (H 2 O) = ka nuipaʻa o 2 mau ʻātoma hydrogen (H) + ka nuipaʻa o hoʻokahi ʻātoma oxygen (O).
ʻO ka lua, ka neʻe ʻeleʻele
I ka wā kahiko, noho kekahi kanaka olaola Pelekane i kapa ʻia ʻo Robert Brown. Ua noiʻi ʻo ia i ka pollen i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka wai (1827). ʻIke ʻia ka wai a me ka pollen me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope. Ua ʻike ʻo Robert Brown he mea kupanaha ia ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o ka pollen ma kāna iho. He mea kupanaha ia no ka mea e neʻe ana ka pollen. He mea kūʻokoʻa ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pollen, akā hoʻomau. Manaʻo ʻo ia he ola ka neʻe ʻana, kahi e noho ai ka pollen i hiki ai iā ia ke neʻe. Akā ua hewa kāna kuhi no ka mea e neʻe pū nā ʻāpana organik liʻiliʻi e like me ka pollen i ka wā e hoʻokomo ʻia ai i loko o ka wai. Ua kapa ʻia kēia neʻe ʻana he neʻe Brownian.
ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kēia ʻike a hiki i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo kinetic.
Kumumanaʻo kinetic
ʻO ke ʻano o Kinetic ka neʻe ʻana (Helene). ʻŌlelo ke kumumanaʻo kinetic aia kēlā me kēia mea i nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala a neʻe mau nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala i ka wā maʻamau.
I ka neʻe ʻana, pono nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala e wikiwiki. Loaʻa pū kekahi nuipa i nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala. No ka mea he nuipa (m) a me ka wikiwiki (v), a laila loaʻa i ka ʻātoma a i ʻole ka molekala ka ikehu kinetic (EK) a me ka momentum (p). Ikehu kinetic: EK = 1/2 mv 2. ʻOiai ʻo momentum: p = m v. Ma waho aʻe o ka momentum, aia nā ikaika. I ka neʻe ʻana, aia kahi hiki ke kuʻi. No laila, kū mai nā ikaika ma muli o nā loli o ka momentum ke hana ʻia kahi kuʻi.
Hiki iā kākou ke ʻōlelo aku ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kumumanaʻo kinetic ma ka ikehu kinetic, ka momentum, a me ka ikaika. Ua aʻo ʻia kēia mau mea ʻekolu ma ke kumuhana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka dynamics (nā kānāwai o Newton, impulse, a me ka momentum). ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ma ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, hoʻopili mākou i ka dynamics ma ka pae o nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā mole. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia ke kumumanaʻo kinetic e Boyle (1627-1691), Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782), Joule (1818-1889), Kronig (1822-1879), Rudolph Clausius (1822-1888) a me Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879).
ʻO ke ola ʻana o kēia kumumanaʻo kinetic e hiki ke wehewehe i ka ʻike ʻana a Brown. Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo kinetic, neʻe ka pollen ma muli o ka hoʻokele ʻana o nā mole wai e neʻe wikiwiki ana. He nui loa ka helu o nā mole wai, no laila ua paʻi ʻia ka pollen mai nā ʻaoʻao like ʻole.
Ma muli o ke kānāwai o ka hoʻohālikelike mau a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka ʻeleʻele, ke manaʻoʻiʻo nui nei nā kānaka ʻepekema i ke kumumanaʻo atomika. ʻO nā ʻātoma nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa o kekahi mea. No laila, he nui ko ka ʻātoma. He aha ka nui o kahi ʻātoma?
I ka makahiki 1905, ua noiʻi ʻo Einstein i ka nui o nā ʻātoma. Ma muli o ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma, ke kumumanaʻo kinetic a me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa ma o nā hoʻokolohua, ua ʻike ʻo ia he 10 -10 m ke anawaena o ke ʻātoma. No laila, ua loaʻa ke anawaena o ka ʻātoma ma o ka helu ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā ʻātoma, no laila ua ʻike ʻia ke kumumanaʻo ʻātoma, a me ke kumumanaʻo kinetic.
