pH o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu ikaika: Ka hoʻomaopopo kumu a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola
Ua alakaʻi ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kemika iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo i nā waiwai o nā hopena ma o ke kumumanaʻo o ka pH. ʻO nā ʻano nui ʻelua o nā hopena e pili ana i ka pālākiō pH he mau waikawa a me nā kumu. E kūkākūkā hohonu kēia ʻatikala i ka pH o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu ikaika, pehea e helu ai iā lākou, a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
pH: Hoʻomaopopo Kumu
ʻO ka pH ke ana o ka nui o nā iona hydrogen (H⁺) i loko o kahi hopena. Loaʻa ka pālākiō pH mai ka 0 a i ka 14. ʻO nā hopena me ka pH ma lalo o 7 e manaʻo ʻia he waikawa, ʻoiai ʻo nā hopena me ka pH ʻoi aku ma mua o 7 e manaʻo ʻia he kumu. ʻO ka pH o 7 he kūʻokoʻa, e like me ka wai maʻemaʻe.
No ke aha he mea nui ka pH?
He mea koʻikoʻi ke ana ʻana o ka pH ma nā ʻano like ʻole, me ke olaola, ke kemika, ka mahiʻai, a me ka ʻenehana meaʻai. No ka laʻana, he mea nui ka mālama ʻana i ka pH mau no ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā kaʻina hana biochemical i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka. I ka mahiʻai, pili ka pH lepo i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai i nā mea kanu.
ʻAkika ikaika
ʻO ka waikawa ikaika kahi waikawa e hoʻoheheʻe piha i loko o ka hopena. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, hoʻokuʻu nā molekala waikawa āpau i nā iona hydrogen (H⁺) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. ʻO kekahi mau laʻana o nā waikawa ikaika ʻo ia ka waikawa hydrochloric (HCl), ka waikawa sulfuric (H₂SO₄), a me ka waikawa nitric (HNO₃).
Laʻana o ka helu ʻana o ka pH o ka waikawa ikaika
Manaʻo mākou he 0,1 M (molar) HCl ka hopena. ʻOiai he waikawa ikaika ʻo HCl, e hoʻokaʻawale loa ia:
\[ \kikokikona{HCl} \rightarrow \kikokikona{H}^+ + \kikokikona{Cl}^- \]
ʻO ka nui o nā ion H⁺ i loko o ka hopena ua like ia me ka nui o ka HCl, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo 0,1 M. Hiki ke helu ʻia ka pH me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoohalike penei:
\[ \kikokikona{pH} = -\log[\kikokikona{H}^+] \]
No laila, no ka hopena HCl,
\[ \kikokikona{pH} = -\log(0,1) = 1 \]
Kumu ikaika
E like me nā waikawa ikaika, ʻo nā kumu ikaika nā kumu e hoʻokaʻawale loa i loko o ka hopena e hana i nā iona hydroxide (OH⁻). ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā kumu ikaika e komo pū me ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), a me ka calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)₂).
Laʻana o ka helu ʻana o ka pH o ka Base Ikaika
Manaʻo mākou he hopena NaOH kā mākou me ka nui o 0,01 M. ʻO NaOH, ʻoiai he kumu ikaika, e hoʻokaʻawale loa ia:
\[ \kikokikona{NaOH} \rightarrow \kikokikona{Na}^+ + \kikokikona{OH}^- \]
Ua like ka nui o nā iona OH⁻ me ka nui o ka NaOH, ʻo ia hoʻi he 0,01 M. No ka helu ʻana i ka pH, pono mua mākou e ʻimi i ka pOH, no ka mea:
\[ \kikokikona{pOH} = -\log[\kikokikona{OH}^-] \]
No laila,
\[ \kikokikona{pOH} = -\log(0,01) = 2 \]
ʻOiai ʻo ka pH a me ka pOH e hui mau ana a hiki i ka 14,
\[ \kikokikona{pH} = 14 – \kikokikona{pOH} = 14 – 2 = 12 \]
Nā Hoʻohana i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
1. ʻOihana
I ka ʻoihana kemika, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pH o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu ikaika. No ka laʻana, i ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻouluulu, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā waikawa e like me H₂SO₄. I ka mālama ʻana i ka wai ʻino, hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu e like me NaOH e hoʻopau i ka wai ʻakika ma mua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana i ke kaiapuni.
2. Ola kino
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pH i ka lāʻau lapaʻau. No ka laʻana, he 7,4 ka pH o ke koko kanaka. He ʻano koʻikoʻi ke ana ʻana i ka pH koko no ka ʻike ʻana i kekahi mau kūlana olakino, e like me ka acidosis a i ʻole ka alkalosis.
3. Mahiʻai
He mea koʻikoʻi ka pH o ka lepo i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā meaʻai no nā mea kanu. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu e hoʻoponopono i ka pH o ka lepo e kūpono i ka ulu ʻana o kahi mea kanu.
4. ʻOhana
Loaʻa pinepine i nā huahana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hale nā bases ikaika e like me NaOH a i ʻole nā akika ikaika e like me HCl. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo NaOH i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe paipu, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia ʻo HCl i nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe lua.
Ke Kūlana o nā Buffers i ka Hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pH
He paʻakikī ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pH i nā ʻōnaehana olaola a me nā kemika he nui. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana buffer kahi hopena e hiki ke kū i nā loli nui i ka pH ʻoiai ke hoʻohui ʻia nā liʻiliʻi o ka waikawa ikaika a i ʻole ke kumu. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻōnaehana buffer kūlohelohe e komo pū me ka ʻōnaehana koko i loko o ke kino kanaka.
Palekana a me ka lawelawe ʻana
He nui nā pōʻino o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i nā kuni o ka ʻili a me ka hōʻino ʻana i nā maka a me nā ʻiʻo ʻē aʻe. No laila, pono e hana ʻia ka lawelawe ʻana i kēia mau kemika ikaika me nā lako pale kūpono e like me nā mīkina lima, nā goggles, a me kahi ʻapena kemika.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pH o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu he mea nui ia no nā ʻano aʻo ʻepekema like ʻole a me nā noi hana. Mai ka hana ʻoihana a hiki i ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā meaolaola, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka kaohi ʻana a me ke ana ʻana o ka pH. Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ke kaiāulu honua, pono mākou e hoʻohana pono i kēia ʻike e hoʻolaha i ka ʻenehana a pale i ke kaiapuni a me ke olakino kanaka.
ʻO ka ʻike pehea e helu ai i ka pH a me ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā noi o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā kumu e hiki ai iā mākou ke lanakila i nā pilikia like ʻole a hoʻomaikaʻi i ko mākou ʻano ola. Ma ke ʻano he mea komo i kēia kahua, e hoʻomau i ka hoʻoikaika a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe i kou ʻike i nā hanana pH i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o kāna noi.
