Nā ʻAno ʻEli a me ka Mining no nā Mineral ʻOihana
ʻO nā minelala ʻoihana he hui o nā minelala i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me ke kemika, ma mua o ko lākou ʻano metala. ʻO nā laʻana e komo pū me ka limestone, dolomite, gypsum, kaolin, one quartz, feldspar, bentonite, zeolite, phosphate, talc, a me ka paʻakai. ʻO kēia mau minelala ke kumu o nā ʻoihana he nui: sima a me ke kūkulu ʻana, ke aniani a me nā keramika, nā mea hoʻouluulu, ka pepa, ka pena, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, a me nā mea hoʻopiha i loko o nā plastics a me ka rubber. No ka mea, ʻokoʻa loa nā ʻano o nā waihona minelala ʻoihana—mai nā waihona kokoke i ka ʻili a hiki i nā mea ma ka hohonu nui—pono e hoʻopilikino ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻeli a me ka mining i koho ʻia i ka geology, ka maikaʻi o ka minelala, ka mānoanoa o ka papa, nā kūlana hydrogeological, a me ka nui o ka huahana a me ka maʻemaʻe.
Ke Kūlana o ka ʻEli ʻana i ka Mining Mineral ʻOihana
ʻElua mau kumu nui o ka ʻeli ʻana i loko o ke ʻano o nā minelala ʻoihana: (1) ka ʻimi ʻana e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano, ka mānoanoa, ka hoʻolaha ʻana, ka pae/maʻemaʻe, a me nā ʻano like ʻole o nā waihona; a me (2) ka hana ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻeli ʻana no ka pahū ʻana a i ʻole no ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka laʻana i ka wā e hana ana i ka mining. I loko o nā minelala ʻoihana, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā ʻano maikaʻi ma mua o ka "pae" e like me nā metala. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka nui o SiO₂ i loko o ke one quartz, ka nui o CaCO₃ i loko o ka limestone, ka pae ʻālohilohi i loko o kaolin, a i ʻole ka nui o ka haumia Fe₂O₃ e hiki ke hōʻemi i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana.
Nā ʻAno ʻEli ʻImi Maʻamau
1. ʻEli ʻana i ka Auger (wili wili)
He kūpono kēia ʻano hana no nā waihona pāpaʻu e like me ka lepo, ke one, ka laterite, a i ʻole ke kaolin kokoke i ka ʻili. ʻO kona mau pono he haʻahaʻa ke kumukūʻai a me ka wikiwiki, akā ua kaupalena ʻia ka hohonu, a hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia ka maikaʻi o ka laʻana inā palupalu loa ka mea a piha paha i ka wai.
2. ʻEli wili
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana i ka wili no nā ʻano sedimentary a me nā pōhaku paʻakikī ʻole. I kekahi mau hihia, hiki ke hoʻolako ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana i ka wili me kahi ʻōnaehana kaʻapuni ea a lepo paha e hāpai i nā ʻokiʻoki. He wikiwiki kēia ʻano hana, akā ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hōʻike ʻana o nā laʻana ʻokiʻoki no ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi kikoʻī ma mua o ke kumu wili.
3. ʻEli ʻana i ke kumu daimana
ʻO kēia ke kūlana maʻamau no ka loaʻa ʻana o nā laʻana kumu pōhaku piha, he mea nui ia no ka pōhaku limestone kiʻekiʻe, dolomite, gypsum, a i ʻole nā pōhaku ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e pono ai ke ʻano o ke ʻano, nā haki, ka mānoanoa o ka papa, a me nā ʻano lithological. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai, akā ʻoi aku ka piha a me ka pololei o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa.
4. ʻEli ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kaʻapuni (RC)
Hoʻopuka ʻo RC i nā laʻana shale maʻemaʻe a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o ka rotary maʻamau no ka mea kōkua ke kaʻapuni hope i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka haumia interlayer. He kūpono kēia ʻano hana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka maikaʻi wikiwiki o nā waihona heterogeneous.
Hoʻolālā Polokalamu ʻEli a me ka Mana Hoʻokele Kūlana
I loko o nā minelala ʻoihana, hoʻoholo pinepine ʻia ka mamao o nā ʻāpana wili e ka wikiwiki o ka loli ʻana o ka maikaʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao a me ke kū pololei. Hiki i nā waihona homogeneous ke hoʻohana i ka mamao ākea, ʻoiai ʻo nā waihona papa a waiwai paha i ka haumia e pono ai ka wili kokoke. Hoʻohui pinepine ʻia ka ʻikepili wili e ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka hale hana: XRF/XRD no ka haku mele ʻana o nā minelala, ka nānā ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka mālamalama/keʻokeʻo, ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka makū, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā waiwai kino (e.g., abrasiveness no ke one silica). Hoʻohana ʻia nā hopena e hana i nā hiʻohiʻona geological a me ka maikaʻi e hoʻokumu i ke kumu no ka hoʻolālā ʻana a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana o ka mine.
Nā ʻAno Hana Mining no nā Mineral ʻOihana
Ma keʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia nā ʻano hana ʻeli mineral ʻoihana i ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ʻilikai, ka ʻeli ʻana i lalo o ka honua, a me nā ʻano hana kūikawā e like me ka ʻeli ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hopena. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke koho ʻana o ke ʻano hana e ka hohonu o ka waiho ʻana, ka mānoanoa o ka papa, ka lakio wehe ʻana, nā kūlana o ke kaiapuni, a me nā pahuhopu hiki ke hana.
1) Ke Keʻena ʻEli Lua Hāmama (Quarry)
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana ma ka lua hāmama ke ʻano maʻamau no nā minelala ʻoihana no ka mea he nui nā waihona kokoke i ka ʻili. No nā pōhaku e like me ka limestone, dolomite, andesite, granite, a i ʻole gypsum, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "quarry".
Nā Pae Laulā o ka Mining Open Pit
– Ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻāina a me ka wehe ʻana i nā ukana ma luna me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻeli, nā bulldozer a me nā kalaka hoʻolei.
– Ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā noho no ke kūpaʻa a me ka palekana o ka pali.
– Ka haki ʻana o ka pōhaku me ka pahū ʻana a i ʻole me ka ʻole o ka pahū ʻana (ʻoki/haehae mīkini), ma muli o ka paʻakikī o ka pōhaku.
– Ke hoʻouka ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i ka mea wāwahi a i ʻole ka waihona.
– Ka hana mua ʻana e like me ke kuʻi ʻana, ka kānana ʻana, ka holoi ʻana, a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana.
ʻEli a me ka pahū ʻana ma ka Quarry
I loko o ka pōhaku paʻakikī, hana ʻia ka ʻeli ʻana i ka lua pahū me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wili hāmare luna a i ʻole ka wili iho-i-ka-lua (DTH). Pono e noʻonoʻo ka hoʻolālā pahū (kaumaha, ka mamao, ke kumu, a me ka hoʻouka ʻana):
– ʻO ka ʻāpana i makemake ʻia e kūpono i ka hiki o ka mīkini wili a hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai wili.
– E kāohi i nā haʻalulu ke kokoke i nā wahi noho.
– E hōʻemi i ka overbreak e mālama i ka maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa o nā pae.
No kekahi mau minelala ʻoihana, hiki ke kaupalena ʻia ka pahū ʻana no ka mea hiki ke hoʻohaumia, hana i nā mea liʻiliʻi keu, a hōʻemi paha i ka maikaʻi (no ka laʻana, ka pōhaku ana a i ʻole kekahi ʻano pōhaku limestone e pono ai nā nui kikoʻī). I ia mau kūlana, hoʻohana ʻia ka haehae ʻana me nā bulldozers nui a i ʻole nā mea ʻeli ʻili.
Nā Lako Hana ʻē aʻe: Surface Miner
ʻOkiʻoki mīkini nā mea ʻeli ʻili i ka pōhaku, e hana ana i nā mea like like me ka ʻole o ka pahū ʻana. Nā pono:
- koho kiʻekiʻe (maʻalahi e hoʻokaʻawale i nā papa maikaʻi),
- haʻalulu haʻahaʻa,
- hoʻemi ʻia ka pono no ka ʻeli ʻana a me ka pahū ʻana.
Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke kiʻekiʻe aʻe nā kumukūʻai lako a me ka mālama ʻana a ʻaʻole kūpono ma nā pōhaku o kekahi mau ikaika.
2) Ke ʻeli ʻana ma lalo o ka honua
ʻOi aku ka makemake ʻia o ka hana ʻeli ʻana ma lalo o ka honua i ka wā e waiho hohonu ana nā waihona ma lalo o ka ʻili, mānoanoa loa ka uhi, a i ʻole he koʻikoʻi ka ʻili (e.g., nā wahi noho, nā wahi mālama, a i ʻole ka ʻāina hua nui e paʻakikī ke wehe). I nā minelala ʻoihana, he mea maʻamau ka hana ʻeli ʻana ma lalo o ka honua no ka paʻakai pōhaku, kekahi mau waihona gypsum, potash, a i ʻole ka pōhaku lepo kiʻekiʻe.
Nā Hana ʻEli Maʻamau ma lalo o ka Honua
1. Lumi a me ke kia
Hoʻohana nui ʻia no nā waihona sedimentary pālahalaha e like me ka paʻakai, gypsum, a me ka limestone, waiho ʻia nā pou e kākoʻo i ka hale. He kūpono kēia ʻano hana, akā he mea nui ka hoʻolālā geotechnical e hōʻoia i ka ikaika o nā pou e pale aku i ka hiolo ʻana.
2. ʻOki a hoʻopiha
Kūpono no nā waihona like ʻole a i ʻole ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe e pono ai ke koho ʻana. Ma hope o ka unuhi ʻia ʻana o ka ore, hoʻopiha hou ʻia ke keʻena e mālama i ke kūpaʻa.
3. Ke kū ʻana ma lalo o ka pae (ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana)
ʻOi aku ka maʻamau i nā ores metala, akā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma kahi kūpono ke ʻano waiho ʻana a kiʻekiʻe nā koi hana.
Ke ʻeli ʻana i nā lua ma lalo o ka honua
ʻO ka ʻeli ʻana maʻamau e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi wili jumbo e hana i nā lua pahū a i ʻole nā lua paʻa pōhaku. No nā minelala ʻoihana i maʻalahi i ka haumia, he mea koʻikoʻi ka kaohi ʻana i ka lepo, ka ea, a me nā kaʻina hana mālama hale.
3) Ke Keʻena ʻeli ʻana a me ka hana ʻeli ʻana i ka mea hana
No nā waihona one a me nā ʻiliʻili (aggregate), one quartz, a i ʻole kekahi mau minelala kaumaha i loaʻa i nā muliwai kahiko, nā kahakai, a i ʻole nā loko, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano dredging. ʻElua ʻano nui:
– ʻO ka mea ʻoki omo dredge: ʻoki i ka mea a omo i ka slurry.
– Pākeke/kaulahao dredge: hoʻohana i ke kaulahao pākeke.
ʻO nā pono o ka hana ʻeli ʻana e komo pū me ka pono o nā waihona wai piha a me ka hoʻemi ʻana i nā hana wehe ʻana. ʻO nā pilikia e komo pū me ka mālama ʻana i ka turbidity, ke kūpaʻa o ka panakō, a me ka pono no nā wahi mālama tailings.
4) Ka ʻeli ʻana i ka hopena no ka paʻakai a me kekahi mau minelala hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia
ʻO ka hana ʻeli ʻana i nā mea hoʻonā e pili ana i ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe i nā minelala (e.g., halite/paʻakai), a laila e kaomi i ka mea hoʻonā i luna no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a i ʻole ka hana ʻana. Hoʻemi kēia ʻano hana i ka ʻeli kino akā pono ka mana koʻikoʻi ma luna o:
- ke kuhikuhi a me ka nui o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana (kaohi ʻana i ke ana),
- ka pilikia o ka hiolo ʻana (hiolo ʻana),
- ka mālama wai a me ka ʻōpala.
Ke hoʻoholo nei i nā kumu no ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano hana
1. Ke ʻano honua a me ka hohonu o nā waihona
ʻEli ʻia nā waihona pāpaʻu ma ka lua hāmama; ʻoi aku ka kūpono o nā waihona hohonu no ka eli ʻana ma lalo o ka honua a i ʻole ka eli ʻana i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai.
2. ʻAno a me ke ʻano like ʻole
Pono pinepine nā minelala ʻoihana i ke koho kiʻekiʻe a me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana. ʻOi aku ka waiwai o nā ʻano hana e ʻae ai i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā papa (selective mining).
3. Nā ʻano kino o nā pōhaku
ʻO ka paʻakikī, ka abrasiveness, ka haki ʻana, a me ke ʻano o ka wā e hoʻoholo ai i ka pono o ka pahū ʻana, ka haehae ʻana, a i ʻole ke ʻoki ʻana.
4. Nā kūlana hydrogeological
Pono ka hoʻohemo ʻana i ka wai a i ʻole ke koho ʻana i kahi ʻano hana e kūpono i nā kūlana pulu (e like me ke keli ʻana).
5. Kaiapuni a me ka nohona
He mau mea koʻikoʻi ka lepo, ka walaʻau, ka haʻalulu pahū, ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ʻāina.
Pani
ʻAʻole maʻamau nā ʻano hana ʻeli a me ka hana ʻeli ʻana no nā minelala ʻoihana, ʻoiai ʻo ka pahuhopu nui ʻaʻole wale ka "lawe ʻana i ka nui e like me ka hiki," akā, e hana i nā mea me nā kikoʻī kūlike a me ka pono o ke kumukūʻai. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka ʻeli ʻana mai ka ʻimi ʻana a i ka kaohi hana ʻana, e kōkua ana i ka palapala ʻāina i nā ʻokoʻa maikaʻi no ka hana ʻeli maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻolālā hui ʻana. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka hana ʻeli lua hāmama ka mea nui no nā minelala ʻoihana he nui, ukali ʻia e nā ʻano hana ʻeli honua, dredging, a me nā hana hana, ma muli o nā ʻano o ka waihona. Me ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kūpono, nā hana palekana, a me ka hoʻokele pono ʻana i ke kaiapuni, hiki ke hana ʻia nā minelala ʻoihana me ke kūpaʻa e kākoʻo i nā pono o nā ʻoihana hou a me nā ʻoihana.
