Ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā nalu electromagnetic
ʻO nā nalu electromagnetic kekahi o nā hanana kino koʻikoʻi a koʻikoʻi loa o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Mai ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā leka ma o nā hōʻailona lekiō a hiki i ka ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama e hiki ai iā mākou ke nānā i ke ao a puni mākou, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā nalu electromagnetic i ko mākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i ko lākou mau manaʻo kumu, nā ʻano hana hoʻolaha, a me nā noi like ʻole i ka ʻenehana o kēia wā.
Nā Manaʻo Kumu o nā Nalu Electromagnetic
ʻO nā nalu electromagnetic he mau kahua uila a me nā kahua magnetic e kū pono ana kekahi i kekahi. ʻO ka mea e hoʻolilo ai iā lākou i mea kūikawā, ʻaʻole lākou e pono i kahi mea waena e hoʻolaha. Hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ko lākou mau ana kino a me ke ʻano e nā kaulike a Maxwell, nona nā kaulike ʻokoʻa ʻehā e pili ana i ka electrodynamics maʻamau.
Nā Kaulike ʻEhā o Maxwell:
1. Ke Kānāwai o Gauss no nā Kahua Uila: ʻO ke kahua uila divergent o kahi uku uila e pili ana i ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka uku uila ponoʻī.
2. Ke Kānāwai o Gauss no nā Kahua Magnetic: ʻAʻohe monopoles magnetic; ʻo ia hoʻi, hana mau nā laina kahua magnetic i nā loop pani.
3. Ke Kānāwai o Faraday: Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia kahi kahua uila e kahi kahua magnetic e loli nei.
4. Ke Kānāwai o Ampere-Maxwell: Hiki ke hoʻopuka ʻia kahi kahua magnetic e kahi au uila a me kahi kahua uila e loli nei.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kaulike a Maxwell, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo pehea e pili ai nā kahua uila a me nā kahua magnetic e hana i nā nalu electromagnetic.
Nā Kumu o ka Hoʻolaha ʻana o ka Nalu Electromagnetic
1. Alapine (frequency) a me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu:
Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā nalu electromagnetic e ko lākou alapine (frequency) i loko o ka spectrum electromagnetic ākea, mai nā nalu lekiō haʻahaʻa alapine (frequency) a hiki i nā kukuna gamma alapine kiʻekiʻe loa. Loaʻa i ka alapine (frequency) a me ka nalu lōʻihi kahi pilina inverse i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama.
2. ʻAno Waena:
ʻOiai ʻaʻole pono nā nalu electromagnetic i kahi medium e hoʻolaha ai, hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia ko lākou wikiwiki a me ke ʻano e ka medium a lākou e hele ai. No ka laʻana, i loko o kahi vacuum, hele nā nalu electromagnetic i ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama (ma kahi o 299.792.458 mika i kekona). Eia naʻe, ke hele lākou i loko o nā mea e like me ka wai a i ʻole ke aniani, e emi ana ko lākou wikiwiki ma muli o ka refractive index o ka mea.
3. Polarization:
ʻO ka polarization ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ke kahua uila oscillating o kahi nalu electromagnetic. Aia kekahi mau ʻano polarization, me ka linear, circular, a me ka elliptical. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia ʻano polarization i nā noi ʻenehana like ʻole, e like me nā antennas kamaʻilio a me nā kānana polarizing i nā aniani maka.
ʻAno Kumu o ka Hoʻolaha ʻana
Hiki i nā nalu electromagnetic ke hoʻolaha ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ma muli o ko lākou alapine (frequency) a me ka hoʻohana ʻana. Eia kekahi mau ʻano hana kumu o ka hoʻolaha ʻana:
1. Hoʻolaha pololei:
ʻO ke kumu, i loko o kahi hakahaka a i ʻole kahi mea like, hoʻolaha nā nalu electromagnetic ma nā laina pololei. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia hanana e nā kānāwai o ka reflection a me ka refraction.
2. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana:
Ke hālāwai nā nalu electromagnetic me kahi keʻakeʻa a i ʻole kahi hakahaka i emi iho ma mua o ko lākou nalu lōʻihi, hana ʻia ka diffraction. ʻAe kēia hanana i nā nalu e hohola i nā ʻaoʻao he nui ma hope o ka hala ʻana ma waena o ka hakahaka.
3. Hoʻākāka a me ka Refraction:
Hana ʻia ka refraction ke pā kahi nalu electromagnetic i kahi ʻili a lele hou i ke kihi like me kona hiki ʻana mai. Hana ʻia ka refraction ke hele kahi nalu electromagnetic ma kahi palena ma waena o ʻelua media me nā ʻōkuhi refractive like ʻole, e hopena ana i kahi loli i ke kuhikuhi o ka hoʻolaha ʻana.
4. Hoʻopili ʻana:
Ke hoʻolaha nā nalu electromagnetic ma o kekahi ʻano waena, hiki ke omo ʻia ko lākou ikehu e ka ʻano waena, e hopena ana i ka emi ʻana o ka ikaika o ka nalu.
5. Ke komohewa ʻana:
Hana ʻia ka hoʻopilikia ʻana ke hui a hoʻopili ʻia ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau nalu electromagnetic, e hopena ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia a i ʻole ka hoʻēmi ʻia ʻana o kā lākou ʻano i hui pū ʻia.
Nā Hoʻohana i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā nalu electromagnetic i nā ʻenehana like ʻole a mākou e hoʻohana ai i kēlā me kēia lā:
1. Kamaʻilio:
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā nalu lekiō a me nā microwave i nā ʻenehana kamaʻilio, me ke lekiō, ke kīwī, a me nā kelepona paʻalima. Hiki i kēia mau hōʻailona ke hoʻoili ʻikepili mamao loa me ka ʻole o ka pono no nā kaula.
2. Lapaʻau:
ʻO nā kukuna X a me ke kiʻi resonance magnetic (MRI) he mau laʻana o nā noi lapaʻau o nā nalu electromagnetic. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kukuna X e ʻike i nā ʻano kūloko o ke kino, ʻoiai ʻo MRI e hoʻohana ana i nā kahua magnetic ikaika a me nā alapine lekiō e hana i nā kiʻi kikoʻī o nā ʻōpū a me nā ʻiʻo.
3. Ikehu:
ʻO nā nalu electromagnetic ma ke ʻano o ka lā ke kumu ikehu nui o ka Honua. Hoʻohana nā panela solar i ka spectrum mālamalama e hoʻoulu i ka ikehu uila ma o ke kaʻina hana photovoltaic.
4. Hoʻokele:
ʻO nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokele honua a mākou e hilinaʻi nei i kēlā me kēia lā, e like me ka GPS, hilinaʻi lākou i nā hōʻailona lekiō mai nā satelite. ʻAe kēia mau hōʻailona i nā mea hana e hoʻoholo i ko lākou wahi me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe.
5. IoT a me nā Hāmeʻa Akamai:
Hoʻohana pinepine nā polokalamu akamai a me nā pūnaewele Pūnaewele o nā Mea (IoT) i nā nalu electromagnetic no ke kamaʻilio ʻana ma waena o nā polokalamu. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻo Bluetooth a me Wi-Fi i nā microwave e hoʻohui i nā polokalamu i loko o kahi pūnaewele kūloko.
Ka hopena
He mau mea waiwai nui nā nalu electromagnetic o ka physics i kākoʻo i nā holomua ʻenehana a me nā ʻepekema he nui. Me ka ʻike hohonu o ke ʻano o kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana a me ka launa pū ʻana me ko lākou kaiapuni, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomau i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana hou, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka pono. Inā paha ma ke kamaʻilio ʻana, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka ikehu, a i ʻole ka ʻenehana akamai, ʻo nā nalu electromagnetic ke kumu nui o ka holomua ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana kanaka.
