Nā ʻAno o ka ʻIkepili Meteorological
He lālā ʻepekema ʻo Meteorology e aʻo ana i ka lewa a me kona mau hanana, e like me ke aniau a me ke aniau. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili meteorological e hoʻomaopopo i nā kūlana lewa, wānana i ke aniau, a hoʻohālike i nā ʻano aniau lōʻihi. Aia nā ʻano ʻikepili meteorological like ʻole, a he kuleana koʻikoʻi kēlā me kēia i ka nānā ʻana a me ka wānana. Ma lalo nei, e kūkākūkā mākou i kekahi o nā ʻano nui o ka ʻikepili meteorological i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻepekema a me nā meteorologists.
1. ʻIkepili Mahana
ʻO ka mahana kekahi o nā ʻano meteorological koʻikoʻi loa a ana pinepine ʻia. Ana ʻia ka mahana o ka ea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi thermometer a hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā kekelē Celsius (°C) a i ʻole Fahrenheit (°F). Hiki i ka ʻikepili mahana ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke aniau o kahi wahi a hoʻohana ʻia e wānana i nā kūlana o ka wā o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka mahana o kēlā me kēia lā, ka mahana kiʻekiʻe loa, a me ka mahana haʻahaʻa loa he ʻāpana ia o ka ʻikepili mahana i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i nā ana meteorological.
2. ʻIkepili Haumākū
ʻO ka haʻahaʻa ka nui o ka mahu wai i loko o ka lewa a ua ana pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he pakeneka. ʻElua ʻano o ka haʻahaʻa i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka meteorology: ka haʻahaʻa pili a me ka haʻahaʻa loa.
– ʻO ka haʻahaʻa pili ka lakio ma waena o ke kaomi mahu wai i ka lewa a me ke kaomi mahu wai ma ka mahana like ma lalo o nā kūlana saturated. Hōʻike ʻia ka haʻahaʻa pili ma ke ʻano he pakeneka (%).
– ʻO ka haʻahaʻa piha ka nui o ka mahu wai i loko o ka nui o ka ea.
He mea nui ka haʻahaʻa i ke kaʻina hana o ke ao a me ka ua a hoʻopilikia i ka ʻoluʻolu o kānaka.
3. ʻIkepili makani
Aia i loko o ka ʻikepili makani ka ʻike e pili ana i ʻelua mau palena nui: ka wikiwiki o ka makani a me ke kuhikuhi o ka makani.
– Ana ʻia ka wikiwiki o ka makani me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka anemometer a hōʻike ʻia ma nā mika no kekona (m/s) a i ʻole kilomita no ka hola (km/h).
– Ana ʻia ke kuhikuhi o ka makani me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi vane aniau a hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā kekelē mai ka ʻākau.
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano makani i ka hoʻokele lewa a me ke kai, a me ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ikehu makani.
4. ʻIkepili Kaomi Ea
Ana ʻia ke kaomi ea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka barometer a hōʻike pinepine ʻia ma nā millibars (mb) a i ʻole hectopascals (hPa). Hoʻololi ke kaomi ea me ke kiʻekiʻe, a hiki i nā loli o ke kaomi ea ke hoʻopilikia i nā kūlana o ke aniau. No ka laʻana, pili pinepine ke kaomi haʻahaʻa me ke aniau ʻino e like me nā ʻino, ʻoiai pili pinepine ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe me ke aniau maopopo a mālie.
5. ʻIkepili Ua
ʻO ka ua kekahi ʻano wai meteoric e hāʻule ana mai ka lewa a i ka ʻili o ka Honua. Hoʻokomo pū kēia i ka ua, ka hau, ka huahekili, a me ka noe. Ana ʻia ka ua me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pluviometer a i ʻole ka ana ua a hōʻike ʻia ma nā millimeters (mm). He mea nui ka ʻikepili ua no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano o ke aniau a no ka hoʻokele waiwai wai.
6. ʻIkepili Kukui Lā
ʻO ka kukuna lā ka ikehu i hana ʻia e ka lā e hiki aku ana i ka Honua. Ana ʻia ka kukuna lā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pyranometer a hōʻike ʻia ma nā watts no ka mika kuea (W/m²). Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili kukuna lā e hoʻoholo ai i nā manawa mahiʻai kūpono, e hoʻolālā i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu lā, a e aʻo i ke aniau honua.
7. ʻIke a me ka ʻIkepili Ao
ʻO ka ʻike ʻana ka mamao loa e hiki ai ke ʻike maopopo ʻia kahi mea ma mua o ka uhi ʻia ʻana e ka noe, ka lepo, ka ua, a i ʻole ka hau. Ana ʻia ia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia he visibilimeter. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻike ʻana i ka mokulele a me ka hoʻokele.
ʻO ka ʻikepili ao e komo pū ana me ka ʻike e like me ke ʻano o ke ao, ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumu ao, a me ka uhi ao (octas). Hāʻawi pū nā nānā ʻana o ke ao ma o ka ukali a i ʻole ka radar i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hiki ke ua a me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe o ke aniau.
8. ʻIkepili ʻĀpana Ea
ʻO nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i lele ʻia i ka lewa, a i ʻole nā aerosol, he mau ʻāpana liʻiliʻi i kau ʻia i ka lewa. Hiki i kēia ke komo pū me ka lepo, ka uahi, ka lehu pele, a me nā mea haumia ʻoihana. Hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili ma nā ʻāpana i lele ʻia i ka lewa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea ʻike ʻāpana a me nā mea hōʻiliʻili aerosol. He hopena koʻikoʻi ko nā ʻāpana i lele ʻia i ka lewa i ka maikaʻi o ka lewa, ka ʻike ʻana, a me ke olakino kanaka.
9. ʻIkepili Hoʻohaumia Ea
ʻO ka haumia o ka ea e pili ana i nā kinoea ʻino e like me ke kalapona monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), a me ka ozone pae honua (O₃). Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻike kinoea a me nā mea loiloi e ana i ka nui o kēia mau mea haumia like ʻole. Kōkua ka ʻikepili haumia ea i ka nānā ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka ea a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā kulekele kaiapuni.
10. ʻIkepili Moana
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i hoʻokaʻawale pololei ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻikepili meteorological, ʻo ka ʻikepili oceanography e like me ka mahana o ka ʻilikai, nā au o ke kai, a me ke ʻano o ke kai he mea pili loa ia. Hoʻopili nā hanana lewa a me ke oceanography kekahi i kekahi, no ka laʻana, hoʻopili ʻo El Niño lāua ʻo La Niña i nā ʻano aniau honua.
11. ʻIkepili Ukali
Hāʻawi ka ʻikepili ukali i kahi kiʻi piha o ke kūlana o ka lewa, ka ʻāina, a me ke kai mai ka lewa. Hāʻawi nā satelite meteorological e like me GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) a me NOAA i nā kiʻi manawa maoli o ka ʻili o ka Honua, a me nā nānā ʻana i ka mahana, ka uhi ao, ka makū, a me nā ʻano makani. He mea waiwai nui kēia ʻikepili no ka nānā ʻana i nā hanana aniau ikaika e like me nā makani ʻino a me nā ahi hihiu.
12. ʻIkepili Radar o ke aniau
Hoʻohana ʻia ka radar aniau, e like me NEXRAD ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, e ʻike i ka ua, nā ʻino, a me ke ʻano o ka makani. Hana ka radar ma ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā nalu lekiō i hōʻike ʻia e ka ua i ka lewa. Kōkua ka radar Ekko i ka palapala ʻāina o ka ua, ka mānoanoa o ke ao, a me ka wikiwiki a me ke kuhikuhi o ka ua a i ʻole nā ʻino.
13. ʻIkepili Aniani
ʻO ka ʻikepili climatological ka hōʻiliʻili lōʻihi o nā ʻano lewa e like me ka mahana, ka ua, a me ka makani. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻikepili e aʻo i ka loli o ke aniau a me nā ʻano lōʻihi o ke aniau. No ka laʻana, hōʻike ka ʻikepili hoʻomehana honua i kahi ʻano e piʻi nei i ka mahana awelika o ka Honua i nā makahiki he ʻumi i hala iho nei.
14. ʻIkepili Seismological
ʻOiai ke pili nui nei ka seismology i nā ōlaʻi, he pilina nō hoʻi ia i ka meteorology. Hiki i nā seismographs ke ʻike i nā nalu lewa, e like me nā nalu kaomi mai nā ʻino ikaika a i ʻole nā pahū nui e hoʻololi ai i ka lewa.
Pani
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ke kālailai ʻana i kēia ʻano ʻikepili meteorological e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā kūlana lewa, hana i nā wānana aniau pololei, a hoʻohālike i nā ʻano aniau lōʻihi. He mea nui kēia ʻikepili ʻaʻole wale no nā kānaka ʻepekema a me nā meteorologists, akā no nā ʻāpana e like me ka mahiʻai, ka ʻoihana ikehu, a me ka palekana o ke kaiapuni. Me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana a me nā mea ana e piʻi nei ka ʻike, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo i kahi ʻike hohonu a me nā wānana pololei o ke aniau a me ke aniau e hiki mai ana.
