Nā ʻenehana loiloi elemental i nā laʻana metallurgical
I ke ao o ka metallurgy, ʻo ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o nā mea metala e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ko lākou ʻano kumu. ʻO ka nui o nā mea nui e like me ka hao (Fe), alumini (Al), keleawe (Cu), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), a me ka manganese (Mn), a me nā mea liʻiliʻi a me nā mea trace e like me ke kalapona (C), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), boron (B), a me ka tin (Sn) hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka ikaika, ka paʻakikī, ke kūpaʻa i ka corrosion, ka weldability, a me ke kūpaʻa wela. No laila, ʻo nā ʻano hana loiloi kumu i nā laʻana metallurgical he ʻanuʻu koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea, ka kaohi maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana, ka loiloi hemahema, a me ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka hoʻokō ʻana me nā kūlana ʻoihana.
1. Nā Pahuhopu a me nā Pilikia o ka Nānā Elemental i nā Mea Metallurgical
ʻO ka pahuhopu o ka loiloi elemental e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano a me ka nui o nā mea i loko o kahi metala a i ʻole alloy, ma ke ʻano quantitative a i ʻole semi-quantitatively. ʻO nā pilikia koʻikoʻi me nā laʻana metallurgical e pili ana i ka heterogeneity microstructural, ka hoʻokaʻawale elemental, ke alo o nā pae lua a me nā hoʻokomo ʻana, a me nā hopena matrix e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka heluhelu ʻana o nā mea kani. No ka laʻana, i nā kila alloy, hiki i nā ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ke kalapona a me nā mea alloying ma ka microscale ke alakaʻi i nā ʻokoʻa i nā hopena inā ʻaʻole hōʻike ka laʻana. Eia kekahi, he paʻakikī ke ana ʻia kekahi mau mea māmā e like me C, N, O, a me H me nā mea kani like me nā metala kaumaha a koi pinepine i nā ʻenehana kūikawā.
2. Hoʻomākaukau Laʻana: Ke Kumu o ka Pololei
Hoʻoholo pinepine ke kahua hoʻomākaukau laʻana i ka maikaʻi o nā hopena loiloi. No nā loiloi e pili ana i ka ʻili e like me XRF a i ʻole SEM-EDS, pono ka ʻili o ka laʻana e maʻemaʻe, pālahalaha, a ʻaʻohe oxides a me nā mea haumia. He mea maʻamau ka one mālie (e laʻa, 240 a 1200 grit), ka polishing, a me ka waiʻona a i ʻole ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ultrasonic. No nā loiloi hoʻonā e like me ICP-OES a i ʻole AAS, pono e hoʻoheheʻe loa ʻia ka laʻana e kahi kaʻina hana digestion me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi waikawa (e laʻa, kahi hui ʻana o HNO₃, HCl, HF, a i ʻole aqua regia) kūpono i ke ʻano alloy. He mea koʻikoʻi ke koho ʻana o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe e pale aku i ka nalowale ʻana o nā mea volatile a i ʻole ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā precipitates e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i nā hopena.
3. Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES): Wikiwiki no ka Hana ʻana
He ʻenehana kaulana ka Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) no ka kaohi ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o nā mea hao, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā ʻoihana kila a me nā ʻoihana hao hao. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻili metala i kahi huna uila, kahi e hoʻomāhu ai i kahi ʻāpana liʻiliʻi o ka mea a hoʻopuka i kahi spectrum mālamalama ʻano no kēlā me kēia mea. Hoʻololi ʻia ka ikaika o ka spectrum i ka noʻonoʻo ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi calibration maʻamau.
ʻO nā pono o OES kona wikiwiki, ka pololei pili no nā mea he nui, a me ka hoʻopili pololei ʻana i nā laʻana paʻa. He kūpono nō hoʻi ʻo OES no nā mea e like me C a me P i ke kila (ma muli o ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka mea hana a me ka calibration). ʻO nā palena e pili ana i ka pono no nā kūlana calibration kūpono-matrix, ka ʻike i nā kūlana o ka ʻili, a me nā palena me kekahi mau mea trace ma nā ʻano haʻahaʻa loa.
4. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF): ʻAʻole luku a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia me ka laulā
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo XRF no ka ʻike wikiwiki ʻana i nā mea hao a me nā mea liʻiliʻi. ʻO nā kukuna X i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i kahi laʻana e hoʻopuka i nā ʻātoma i ka fluorescence X-ray ma nā ikehu kikoʻī. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o kēia ʻano hana no ka mea ʻaʻole ia e luku, pono ka hoʻomākaukau liʻiliʻi, a kūpono no ka nānā wikiwiki ʻana i ke kahua (me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka XRF lima).
Eia nō naʻe, he mau palena ko XRF i ke ana ʻana i nā mea māmā e like me C, N, a me O, a pinepine ʻaʻole ia e ʻike nui ʻia i kekahi mau mea trace. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā oxides o ka ʻili, nā pena, a i ʻole nā uhi ke hoʻopilikia i nā hopena, e pono ai ka wehewehe pono ʻana. No nā mea i uhi ʻia, hiki i ka XRF ke hōʻike hewa i ka uhi ma mua o ka mea kumu inā koʻikoʻi ka mānoanoa o ka uhi.
5. SEM-EDS/WDS: Ka Nānā Liʻiliʻi a me ka Palapala ʻĀina Elemental
ʻO ka Scanning Electron Microscopy me ka Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) e hiki ai ke ʻike i nā mea ma ka microscale, me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā mea a me ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi e like me nā inclusions a i ʻole nā precipitates. He mea pono loa kēia ʻenehana i nā noiʻi kīnā metallurgical, e like me ka ʻike ʻana i nā inclusions oxide/sulfide, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā mea ma nā palena o ka palaoa, a i ʻole ka haku mele ʻana o ka lua o ka pae.
He wikiwiki a kūpono hoʻi ka EDS, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona hoʻonā ikehu ma mua o ka Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS). ʻOi aku ka pololei o ka WDS no nā mea me nā spectra overlapping a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā palena ʻike, akā ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka nānā ʻana. Loaʻa nā ʻenehana ʻelua mai ka semi-quantitative a i ka quantitative, ma muli o nā kūlana, ka hoʻoponopono matrix, a me ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana.
6. ICP-OES a me ICP-MS: ʻIke Kiʻekiʻe no nā ʻElemene Trace
ʻO ka Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) a me ka Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) he mau ʻano hana loiloi hopena koʻikoʻi loa. Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā laʻana a laila hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi plasma wela kiʻekiʻe loa, e hoʻoulu ana i nā ʻātoma/ion e hoʻopuka i ka mālamalama (ICP-OES) a i ʻole e ʻike ʻia e ka nuipa (ICP-MS). ʻO ka ICP-MS ma ke ʻano laulā ka palena ʻike haʻahaʻa loa, kūpono no nā mea trace a i nā mea ultra-trace.
ʻO nā pono nui o ICP kona ʻano multi-element a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike. ʻO nā hemahema e pili ana i ka pono no ka dilution kūpono o ka laʻana, ka pilikia o ka haumia reagent, a me ke alo o nā mea hoʻopilikia spectral a matrix paha (e.g., mai ka nui o ka Fe i loko o ke kila), pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia me ka dilution, nā kūlana kūloko, a i ʻole nā ʻano hana hoʻoponopono.
7. AAS: He ʻenehana kuʻuna e pili mau ana
Hana ka Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) ma ke ana ʻana i ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama e nā ʻātoma o kahi mea kikoʻī i loko o ka lapalapa a i ʻole ka umu graphite. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo AAS ma muli o kona maʻalahi a me ka pololei kūpono no kekahi mau mea, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua me nā pono loiloi palena. ʻO ka hemahema, ʻo ia ke ana maʻamau i hoʻokahi mea no kēlā me kēia ana (ʻaʻole like me ka multi-element ICP), e hoʻolilo ana i mea emi ka pono no nā ʻano like ʻole i ka manawa like.
8. Ka Nānā Kinoea: C, S, O, N, H i loko o nā Metala
He hopena koʻikoʻi ko nā mea interstitial a me nā kinoea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me C, S, O, N, a me H i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia kēia mau mea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea kālailai combustion/fusion. ʻO kahi ʻano maʻamau e pili ana i ka puhi ʻana a i ʻole ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kahi laʻana i loko o kahi lewa kikoʻī e hana i nā kinoea (CO₂ no ke kalapona, SO₂ no ka sulfur, a i ʻole O/N/H ma nā ʻano kikoʻī), a laila ana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea ʻike conductivity infrared a i ʻole thermal.
He mea nui loa kēia ʻano hana no ke kila (kaohi kalapona), nā hui titanium (pili i ka O2 a me N2), a me ka alumini (porosity hoʻolei e pili ana i ka hydrogen). ʻO nā pilikia nui ka pale ʻana i ka haumia, ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka nui o ka laʻana kūpono, a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā flux kūpono a me nā mea maʻamau.
9. Koho ʻana i ke ʻano hana: Hoʻololi i nā pono a me nā kūlana
ʻAʻohe ʻano hana hoʻokahi i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no nā hihia āpau. Hoʻoholo ʻia ke koho ʻana o ke ʻano loiloi elemental e ke kumu (ka mana hana, noiʻi, loiloi kūlana), ʻano mea (kila, superalloy, alumini, keleawe), pae hoʻohuihui (nui vs. trace), a me ka pono no nā waiwai luku a i ʻole nā waiwai luku ʻole. No ka ʻike wikiwiki ʻana i ka alloy ma ke kahua, ua lawa pinepine ka XRF lima. No ka mana hoʻohuihui kila i loko o ka hale hana, he kūpono loa ka OES. No nā kumu trace element a me ka hōʻoia, ʻoi aku ka kūpono o ICP (ʻoi aku ka ICP-MS). No ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu o nā hemahema e pili ana i ka microstructure, ʻo SEM-EDS/WDS ke ʻano makemake ʻia.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā kūlana a me nā kuhikuhi e like me ASTM, ISO, a i ʻole JIS e wehewehe pinepine i nā ʻano hana, ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, a me nā mea maopopo ʻole i ʻae ʻia. E hoʻokō kahi keʻena hoʻokolohua maikaʻi i ka kaohi maikaʻi ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā Mea Kuhikuhi Hōʻoia (CRM), ka hana hou ʻana, ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, a me ka hōʻike ʻana i nā mea maopopo ʻole o ke ana ʻana.
10. Manaʻo
ʻO nā ʻano hana loiloi elemental i nā laʻana metallurgical he hui pū ʻana o ke koho ʻana i ke ʻano kūpono, ka hoʻomākaukau laʻana kūpono, a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena e noʻonoʻo ana i nā hopena matrix a me ka heterogeneity o nā mea. Hāʻawi ʻo OES lāua ʻo XRF i ka wikiwiki a me ka maʻalahi no ka loiloi maʻamau, hāʻawi ʻo SEM-EDS/WDS i ka microstructure a me nā ʻike hoʻolaha elemental, ʻoiai ʻo ICP-OES/ICP-MS a me ka loiloi kinoea e hāʻawi i ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe no nā mea liʻiliʻi, trace, a me nā mea interstitial. Me ke ala kūpono, ʻo ka loiloi elemental kahi kumu koʻikoʻi no ka hōʻoia ʻana i nā mea metallurgical e hoʻokō i ka hana, palekana, a me nā kūlana ʻoihana.
