Nā Waiwai Magnetic o nā Mea Metala
He hanana kūlohelohe ka Magnetism i hoʻohihi i nā kānaka no nā kenekulia. Mai ke kuhikuhi mau ʻākau o kahi nila panana a hiki i ka hiki ke hāpai i nā mea kaumaha me nā magnet electromagnetic, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ka magnetism i nā ʻano he nui o ke ola kanaka. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano hoihoi loa o ka magnetism pehea e pane ai kekahi mau metala i nā kahua magnetic. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā waiwai magnetic o nā mea metala, nā ʻano o nā mea magnetic, nā ʻano o ka magnetism i nā metala like ʻole, a me nā hoʻohana pono o kēia mau waiwai magnetic.
Hoʻolauna i ka Magnetism
ʻO ka Magnetism ka pilina ma waena o kahi kahua magnetic a me kahi mea. ʻO ke kahua magnetic kahi kahua vector e wehewehe ana i ka mana magnetic ma kahi kikoʻī ma ka lewa. Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia kēia kahua e kahi au uila (electromagnetic field) a i ʻole e kahi mea magnetic mau loa. ʻO ka pane a kahi mea i kahi kahua magnetic e pili ana i kona hoʻonohonoho atomika a me ke ʻano o loko.
Nā ʻAno o nā Mea Magnetic
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea ma muli o kā lākou pane ʻana i nā kahua magnetic i kekahi mau ʻano nui: diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, a me ferrimagnetic.
1. Diamagnetic:
ʻAʻohe mana magnetic o nā mea diamagnetic i ka wā ʻaʻohe kahua magnetic a e hoʻoulu i kahi mana magnetic nāwaliwali loa e kūʻē i ke kuhikuhi o ke kahua waho. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona e like me ka bismuth a me ke keleawe. Ma keʻano laulā, hōʻike nā mea diamagnetic i ka emi ʻana o ke kahua magnetic a ʻaʻole paʻa i ka magnetization ke wehe ʻia ke kahua waho.
2. Paramagnetic:
Loaʻa i nā mea paramagnetic nā manawa magnetic atomic a molecular paha i hui ʻole ʻia. Ke hōʻike ʻia i kahi kahua magnetic, lilo kēia mau mea i magnetized i ke kuhikuhi o ke kahua. Eia nō naʻe, nāwaliwali ka magnetization a ʻaʻole e mau ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ke kahua waho. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā mea paramagnetic e komo pū me ka alumini, platinum, a me ka manganese.
3. Ferromagnetic:
ʻO ka Ferromagnetism kahi waiwai o nā metala e like me ka hao, cobalt, a me ka nickel, kahi e hoʻohālikelike ai nā ʻātoma i loko o lākou i ko lākou mau manawa magnetic i ke kuhikuhi like. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka magnetization ikaika ʻoiai me ka ʻole o kahi kahua magnetic waho. ʻElua mau ʻano nui o nā Ferromagnets: hysteresis magnetic a me ka retentivity magnetic.
4. Antiferromagnetic:
I loko o nā mea antiferromagnetic, ʻo nā manawa magnetic o nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā molekala e pili kokoke ana e hoʻonohonoho iā lākou iho antiparallel kekahi i kekahi, e hopena ana i nā kahua magnetic ʻole a liʻiliʻi loa paha. I nā mahana haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka antiferromagnetism. ʻO kahi laʻana o kēia mea ʻo magnetite (FeO).
5. Ferrimagnetic:
ʻO nā mea Ferrimagnetic e like me ka magnetite (Fe3O4) he mau manawa magnetic antiparallel kaulike ʻole, e hopena ana i ka magnetization e pili ana i ke kuhikuhi. ʻO Ferrimagnetism ke kumu o nā mea keramika magnetic he nui i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻenehana hou.
Ka Magnetism i loko o nā Metals
He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano atomika o kēlā me kēia ʻano metala, no laila ʻokoʻa loa kāna pane ʻana i nā kahua magnetic. ʻO nā metala i aʻo pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano o ka magnetism he hao, cobalt, nickel, a me kekahi mau mea hoʻohuihui e like me permaloy (kahi mea hoʻohuihui nickel-hao).
1. Hao (Fe):
ʻO ka hao kahi laʻana koʻikoʻi o kahi metala ferromagnetic. Loaʻa i nā ʻātoma hao nā manawa magnetic i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ke ʻano poepoe, e ʻae ana i ka hao e mālama i kona magnetization i ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi kahua waho. Ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, e like me nā mahana ma zero Kelvin, kūlike pono nā manawa magnetic a pau o ka hao, e hana ana i kahi kahua magnetic ikaika loa.
2. Kobalta (Ko):
E like me ka hao, he metala ferromagnetic nō hoʻi ka cobalt. Eia nō naʻe, he ʻano kristal ʻokoʻa ko ka cobalt i kapa ʻia he hexagonal close-packed. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano iā ia i nā waiwai magnetic ʻokoʻa, me ka mahana Curie kiʻekiʻe (ma kahi o 1388 K i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 1043 K o ka hao).
3. Nikala (Ni):
ʻO Nickel kekahi metala ferromagnetic. He ʻano kristal cubic face-centered (fcc) ko Nickel, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i nā waiwai magnetic e like me ka hao akā me kekahi mau ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi, e like me ka magnetization saturation haʻahaʻa.
4. Nā Alloys Ferromagnetic:
Hōʻike pinepine nā metala hoʻohuihui i nā waiwai magnetic kū hoʻokahi i loaʻa ʻole i nā mea maʻemaʻe. No ka laʻana, he kiʻekiʻe loa nā waiwai magnetic o permaloy ʻoiai he nickel ka nui. ʻO kēia ma muli o nā pilina paʻakikī ma waena o nā ʻātoma nickel a me ka hao i loko o ke ʻano o ka metala hoʻohuihui.
Nā Hoʻohana Magnetic i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia lā
He nui nā noi koʻikoʻi o ka magnetism o nā mea metala i ka ʻenehana hou a me ka ʻoihana. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau noi:
1. Mālama ʻIkepili:
ʻO ka mālama ʻikepili magnetic, e like me nā drive disk paʻa (HDD) a me nā drive lipine, kahi noi mua o nā waiwai ferromagnetic o nā metala. Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea Ferromagnetic e hoʻopaʻa i ka ʻike ma ke ʻano o nā kikowaena magnetic.
2. Nā Mea Hana Hana a me nā Motika Uila:
Hoʻohana nā mea hana uila a me nā motika i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokomo electromagnetic. Hana pinepine ʻia nā rotors a me nā stators i loko o nā mea hana a me nā motika i ka hao a i ʻole nā mea hao ferromagnetic ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui i ka pono o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu electromagnetic.
3. Mea hoʻololi:
Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea hoʻololi uila e hoʻonui a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ke kahe uila i loko o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻolaha uila. Hana ʻia nā ʻiwi hoʻololi uila me ka hao silicon, nona nā waiwai magnetic maikaʻi loa e hoʻonui i ka pono.
4. Nā Lako Uila a me nā Mea ʻIke:
ʻO Ferrite kahi mea ferrimagnetic i hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻano noi uila like ʻole, e like me nā ʻāpana antenna radio, nā sensor kahua magnetic, a me nā inductors.
Pani
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano magnetic o nā mea metala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana hou. Mai ke ʻano physics kumu a hiki i nā noi hana, ke hoʻomau nei ka magnetism o nā mea metala i kahi kahua hoihoi a uku hoʻi o ka noiʻi a me ka hana hou. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano a me nā pane o nā metala like ʻole i nā kahua magnetic, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano mea hana a me nā ʻōnaehana ʻenehana like ʻole, e hoʻokō hope ana i nā pono kanaka a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o ke ola.
