He aha ka Engineering Metallurgy a me nā laʻana
Pendahuluan
He ʻoihana ka ʻenekinia metallurgy e kālele ana i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā waiwai, ka lawelawe ʻana, a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea metala. Hoʻopuni kēia kahua i nā ʻano hana like ʻole, mai ka ʻeli ʻana i ka ore a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana a hiki i ka alloying, a hiki i nā ʻano hana a me ka hana hope loa. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ka ʻenekinia metallurgy ma nā ʻāpana ʻoihana like ʻole, me ke kaʻa, ka aerospace, ke kūkulu ʻana, a me nā mea uila.
Ka Wehewehena a me ka Laulā
Ma ke ʻano he ʻōlelo hoʻohālike, ua puka mai ka huaʻōlelo "metallurgy" mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene "metallon," ʻo ia hoʻi ka metala, a me "ergon," ʻo ia hoʻi ka hana. ʻAʻole wale ke aʻo ʻana o ka ʻenekinia metallurgy i nā metala maʻemaʻe akā i nā hui ʻana a i ʻole nā alloys, a me kā lākou pilina me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā kaʻina hana a me nā noi.
Nā ʻAno o ka Metallurgy
Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka metallurgy ʻenekinia i kekahi mau ʻano aʻo like ʻole e pili ana i nā kaʻina hana a me nā noi like ʻole:
1. Metallurgy Extractive
Ke nānā nei ka metallurgy extractive i ka ʻike a me nā ʻano hana no ka unuhi ʻana i nā metala mai kā lākou mau ores kūlohelohe. Pili kēia kaʻina hana i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i nā metala ma o nā ʻano hana e like me ka pyrometallurgy (ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wela), hydrometallurgy (ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hopena wai), a me ka electrometallurgy (ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke au uila).
2. Metallurgy mīkini
Pili ka hana metallurgy mechanical i ka hana mechanical o nā metala, mai ka deformation a i ka hoʻoikaika ʻana. Hoʻokomo pū kēia mau ʻano hana i nā ʻano hana e like me ka forging, pressing, rolling, a me extrusion. ʻO ka pahuhopu ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka mea, e like me ka ikaika, ke kūpaʻa, a me ka ductility.
3. Metallurgy Kino
Ke nānā nei ka metallurgy kino i ke ʻano kino a me nā waiwai o nā mea. Pili kēia ʻano hana i nā haʻawina microscopic, ka nānā ʻana i ka wela, a me ke ʻano o nā mea e hoʻomaopopo ai i nā waiwai kumu o nā metala a me nā mea hoʻohuihui.
Nā Laʻana o ka Metallurgy ʻenekinia ma nā noi maoli
1. ʻOihana Kaʻa
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ka ʻenekinia metallurgy i ka ʻoihana kaʻa. ʻO kekahi o kāna mau noi nui i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻenekini a me nā ʻāpana kaʻa. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kila alloy a me ka alumini i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā mōlina a me nā kino o ke kaʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā alloys alumini e like me AA6061 no ko lākou mau waiwai māmā akā ikaika, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia nā kila alloy i nā ʻāpana ʻenekini no ko lākou kūpaʻa a me ka ikaika.
2. ʻOihana Kūkulu Hale
I loko o ka ʻoihana kūkulu hale, he mea nui ka metallurgy ʻenekinia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea kūkulu hale e like me ke kila kūkulu. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kila kūkulu, e like me ke kila haʻahaʻa-kalapona (mālie), i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale kiaʻi kiʻekiʻe, nā alahaka, a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea like ʻole i loko o ke kila a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wela e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ke kūpaʻa a me ka ikaika i makemake ʻia i nā noi kūkulu.
3. Lewa
Pono ka ʻoihana aerospace i nā mea me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i nā mahana koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā titanium a me nā nickel alloys he mau laʻana o nā metala i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i nā hana mokulele a me nā hana aerospace. Hoʻohana ʻia ka Titanium i nā ʻāpana mokulele a me nā mīkini jet ma muli o kona lakio ikaika-a-kaumaha kiʻekiʻe a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. I kēia manawa, hoʻohana ʻia nā superalloys nickel i nā turbine kinoea ma muli o ko lākou kūpaʻa ʻana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me ka oxidation.
4. ʻOihana Uila
I ka ʻoihana uila, hoʻohana ʻia ka metallurgy ʻenekinia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea semiconductor, nā alakaʻi, a me nā solders. ʻO ke gula a me ke keleawe ʻelua mau metala maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaapuni uila ma muli o ko lākou conductivity kiʻekiʻe. Eia kekahi, hoʻohana ʻia nā metala honua kakaikahi e like me ka tantalum a me ka niobium i nā capacitors a me nā ʻāpana microelectronic ʻē aʻe.
5. ʻOihana Ikehu
He kuleana ko ka ʻenekinia metallurgy i ka ʻoihana ikehu, ʻoi aku hoʻi i ka hana ʻana i nā turbine makani a me nā hale hana mana nukelea. Hoʻohana ʻia nā kila alloy kūikawā i ka hana ʻana i nā pahi turbine makani, e pono ai ka ikaika a me ke kūʻē ʻana i ka pōʻino luhi. I loko o nā hale hana mana nukelea, hoʻohana ʻia nā alloys zirconium ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa wahie nukelea ma muli o ko lākou hiki ʻole ke pane maʻalahi me ka uranium.
Nā Hana a me nā ʻenehana Metallurgy ʻenekinia
Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole a me nā ʻano hana i ka ʻenekinia metallurgy e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai o nā mea metala, me:
1. Hoʻohuihui ʻana
ʻO ke kāwili ʻana ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau mea metala e hana i kahi mea me nā waiwai kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau nā mea kila kila, nona ka hao a me ke kalapona, me nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka chromium a me ka nickel e hoʻonui i ke kūpaʻa a me ka ikaika i ka pala.
2. Ka mālama wela
ʻO ka mālama wela e pili ana i ka hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana o kahi mea e hoʻololi i kona microstructure a me nā waiwai mechanical. ʻO kēia mau ʻano hana e pili ana i ka tempering, annealing, a me ka quenching.
3. Nā Kaʻina Hana
ʻO nā kaʻina hana hoʻokumu e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka metala ma o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka plastic e hoʻokō ai i ke ʻano a me ka nui i makemake ʻia. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano hana hoʻokumu e komo pū ana me ka forging, stamping, rolling, a me ka extrusion.
4. Ka Uhi ʻana a me ka Lapaʻau ʻIli (Ka Uhi ʻana a me ka Lapaʻau ʻIli)
Hoʻopili ʻia nā uhi ʻana a me nā hana ʻili e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala, ka paʻakikī o ka ʻili, a me ka nani o nā mea. ʻO kēia mau ʻano hana e pili ana i ka electroplating, anodizing, a me ke kala kemika.
ʻO ka wā e hiki mai ana o ka ʻenekinia Metallurgy
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻenekinia metallurgy e like me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me nā pono ʻoihana paʻakikī. Ke hoʻomau nei ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou e like me nā alloys ikaika kiʻekiʻe, nā mea i hui pū ʻia, a me nā nanomaterials. ʻO ka nanotechnology a me ka hana hoʻohui he mau hiʻohiʻona o nā ʻano hou e manaʻo ʻia e hoʻomākaukau i ke ala no ka hana hou ʻana i ka ʻenekinia metallurgy.
He mea nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻenehana simulation a me ke kumu hoʻohālike i kēia hoʻomohala ʻana, e hiki ai i nā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenekinia ke hoʻolālā a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā mea me ka pololei kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka hana maoli ʻana. Ke hoʻomaka nei hoʻi ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka naʻauao hana a me ka hana ʻikepili nui e wānana i ke ʻano o nā mea a hoʻolalelale i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
Ka hopena
He aʻo kumu a hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻenekinia metallurgy, e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi ma aneane nā ʻano āpau o ke ola hou. Mai nā kaʻa a mākou e hoʻokele ai a hiki i nā mea uila a mākou e hoʻohana ai, pili nā mea āpau i nā hana hou ma kēia kahua. Ke hoʻomau nei ka ulu ʻana o nā ʻenehana a me nā ʻano hana o ka ʻenekinia metallurgy, e hāʻawi ana i nā hopena holomua i nā pilikia o kēia manawa a me ka wā e hiki mai ana. Me ka holomua mau ʻana i ka noiʻi a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana, e mau ana ka ʻenekinia metallurgy i kia koʻikoʻi o ka ʻoihana honua a me ka ʻenehana.
