Nā ʻAno Metala Maikaʻi Loa no ka Hana ʻana i nā Mea Hana Mahiʻai
ʻO nā mea hana mahiʻai ke kumu o nā hana mahiʻai, mai ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka lepo a me ke kanu ʻana a hiki i ka mālama ʻana a me ka ʻohi ʻana. ʻO ke kūpaʻa, ka ʻoi, a me ka hilinaʻi o nā mea hana e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e ka metala i hoʻohana ʻia. ʻAʻole kūpono nā metala āpau no kēlā me kēia ʻano mea hana: pono nā ʻō i ka paʻakikī a me ke kūpaʻa i ka ʻaʻahu ʻana, pono nā siwila i ka ʻoi a me ka paʻa ʻana o ka pahi, a pono nā mōlina mea hana mechanical e ikaika akā paʻa. No laila, ʻo ke koho ʻana i ka metala maikaʻi loa he hoʻoholo koʻikoʻi - ʻaʻole wale no ka hana, akā no ka hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻana i ke kumukūʻai a me ka palekana.
Kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻano metala maʻamau a ʻōlelo nui ʻia no ka hana ʻana i nā mea hana mahiʻai, me ko lākou mau pono, nā hemahema, a me nā hiʻohiʻona o kā lākou hoʻohana.
1) Ke kila kalapona: ʻO ke koho kūpono loa
ʻO ke kila kalapona ka mea kaulana loa no nā mea hana mahiʻai lima e like me nā ʻō, nā ʻō, nā ʻō, nā ʻō, a me nā ʻō palau kuʻuna. ʻO kona ʻano nui ka hao (Fe) me nā ʻano kalapona like ʻole. ʻO kēia ʻano kalapona e hoʻoholo ai i kona mau waiwai: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike kalapona, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a me ka hiki ke mālama i kahi ʻoi, akā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia o ka palupalu inā mālama pono ʻole ʻia ka wela.
Nā pono o ke kila kalapona:
– Ikaika a paʻakikī no ka hana kaumaha ma ka lepo pōhaku a lepo pālolo paha.
- Maʻalahi ke hana a me ka hana ʻana, no laila hiki i nā hale hana kūloko he nui ke hana.
– Hiki ke hoʻokala ʻoi a mālama ʻia kona ʻoi ma mua o ka hao maʻamau.
– Nā kumukūʻai kūpono, kūpono no ka hana nui ʻana o nā mea hana mahiʻai.
Nāwaliwali:
– Hiki ke popo inā hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia i ka wai, ka mea hoʻouluulu, a mālama ʻia paha ma kahi pulu me ka ʻole o ka mālama ʻana.
– Pono ia i ka mālama wela maikaʻi i ʻole e palupalu loa a palupalu paha.
He kūpono no:
ʻO nā ʻō, nā pahi kīhāpai, nā pahi kanu, nā ʻō palau, nā pahi mahiʻai maʻalahi, a me nā ʻāpana e pono ai ka ikaika a maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻoponopono.
2) Ke kila kila: Paʻa no nā ukana kaumaha
ʻO ke kila kila he kila ia i hoʻohui ʻia i nā mea ʻē aʻe e like me ka chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), a i ʻole manganese (Mn) e hoʻonui i ka ikaika, ke kūpaʻa i ka ʻaʻahu, a me ka paʻakikī. Ma ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ke kila kila i nā mea hana e ʻike nei i ka friction kiʻekiʻe a i ʻole nā kaumaha hana hou, e like me nā ʻōpuʻu palau hou, nā pahi wili, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana mīkini liʻiliʻi.
Nā pono o ke kila kila:
- ʻOi aku ke kūpaʻa o ka ʻaʻahu, e hopena ana i ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi.
– ʻOi aku ka paʻa ma lalo o nā ukana haʻalulu a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana.
– ʻOi aku ka paʻa o nā ʻano kila hao he nui i ka deformation ma mua o ke kila kalapona maʻemaʻe.
Nāwaliwali:
– Nā kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe.
– I kekahi manawa, pono nā hana kūikawā i nā hoʻoponopono a me ka kuʻihao.
– ʻAʻole hiki i nā hale hana liʻiliʻi a pau ke komo maʻalahi i nā kikoʻī mea like.
He kūpono no:
Nā pahi kauō rotary (rotavator), nā pahi palau disc, nā pahi subsoiler, a me nā ʻāpana e hana ana i ka lepo ʻānai (one a i ʻole ʻoʻoleʻa).
3) Kila kila: ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka palaho, ʻAʻole mau no nā kihi ʻoki kaumaha
Loaʻa i ke kila kila kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka chromium, e hana ana i kahi papa oxide pale e ʻoi aku ka pale ʻana i ka pala. I nā ʻano mahiʻai, he mea pono ke kila kila no nā mea hana e pili pinepine ana me ka wai, nā mea hoʻoulu wai, a i ʻole nā wahi pulu, a no nā ʻāpana e pono ai ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Nā pono o ke kila kila:
- Kūpaʻa loa i ka popo, maʻalahi ka mālama.
– Kūpono no nā wahi pulu a me ka mālama ʻana no ka manawa lōʻihi.
– Maikaʻi no nā hana e pono ai ke olakino, e like me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana.
Nāwaliwali:
– ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o kekahi mau ʻano kila kila e hoʻokala a ʻaʻole kūpaʻa e like me kekahi mau kila kalapona i ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻoi loa.
– ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā kumukūʻai.
– I ka wā e hoʻohana ai i ka hopena kaumaha a i ʻole ke kōmi ʻana, hiki i ke koho ʻana i ka papa hewa ke hana i ka blunt wikiwiki a i ʻole ke ʻano ʻē.
He kūpono no:
Nā lako hana ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana (nā pahi hoʻokaʻawale, kekahi mau papa ʻoki metala), nā ʻāpana wai liʻiliʻi, kekahi mau ʻāpana pīpī, nā ipu a me nā mea hana i hoʻopili pinepine ʻia i ka wai a i ʻole nā kemika.
4) Hao i hana ʻia a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia: He kuleana ko lākou, akā pono e kau pololei ʻia
I ka ʻōlelo o kēlā me kēia lā, ua kapa ʻia nā mea hana he nui he "hao," ʻoiai hiki ke hana ʻia i ke kila, ka hao i hana ʻia, a i ʻole ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia. ʻOi aku ka ductile a me ka malleable o ka hao i hana ʻia, ʻoiai ʻo ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia he maʻalahi ke hoʻoponopono a he kūpaʻa maikaʻi kona i ke kaomi ʻana akā ʻoi aku ka palupalu i ka hahau ʻana.
Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hao hao:
– Maʻalahi ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o nā ʻano paʻakikī.
– Ikaika i ke kaomi a paʻa pono.
Nāwaliwali:
– He palupalu ke ʻano i ka wā e pili ana i ka hopena a i ʻole nā ukana haʻalulu.
– ʻAʻole kūpono no nā ʻāpana i paʻi pinepine ʻia, kuʻi ʻia, a i ʻole i paʻi ʻia i nā pōhaku.
He kūpono no:
ʻO kekahi mau ʻāpana mōlina, nā hale bearing, nā pulley, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana mīkini mahiʻai ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka hopena pololei. No nā mea hana lima e hoʻopilikia ana i ka lepo, ʻaʻole ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia ke koho maikaʻi loa.
5) ʻAluminika a me kāna mau Alloys: Māmā no nā lima a me nā mōlina
Ua kaulana ka alumini no kona māmā a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka pala. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ia i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka ʻoki ʻana i nā ʻaoʻao a i ʻole nā wēlau o ka mea hana e pili pono ana me ka lepo ma muli o kona kūpaʻa haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila.
Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka alumini:
– Māmā, hoʻemi i ka luhi o ka mea hoʻohana.
– Kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka pala.
– Kūpono no nā hoʻolālā mea hana e pono ai ka neʻe kiʻekiʻe.
Nāwaliwali:
– ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o ke kahakaha ʻia a me ka ʻaʻahu ʻia inā hamo ʻia i ka lepo a i ʻole ke one.
– ʻAʻole kūpono no nā koi ʻoi kiʻekiʻe.
He kūpono no:
ʻO kekahi mau lima hana (i hui pū ʻia me ka hoʻoikaika ʻana), nā mōlina pīpī ʻeke kua, nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ʻole ma nā mīkini mahiʻai a i ʻole nā lako hana i lawe pinepine ʻia.
6) Kila Puna: Kūpono no nā Lau a me nā ʻĀpana Maʻalahi
He ʻano kila ke kila puna me ka elasticity kiʻekiʻe—hiki iā ia ke kūlou iki a laila hoʻi i kona ʻano mua. He mea pono loa kēia no nā ʻāpana i kau ʻia i ka haʻalulu a me nā ukana hoʻoneʻe.
Pono:
– Paʻa a palupalu hoʻi, ʻaʻole e haki maʻalahi ma lalo o nā ukana pinepine.
– Kūpaʻa maikaʻi i ka ʻaʻahu ke mālama pono ʻia ka wela.
– Kūpono no nā ʻāpana mea hana e pono ai ka hui pū ʻana o ka paʻakikī a me ka toʻa.
Nāwaliwali:
– Loaʻa nō ka pilikia o ka ʻōpala, no laila pono ke mālama ʻia.
– Pono ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama wela i ka pololei.
He kūpono no:
Nā pahi ʻoki maikaʻi, kekahi mau pahi ʻoki mauʻu, nā pūnāwai a me nā pahi palupalu, a me nā ʻāpana e pono ai ka palupalu.
Nā Kumu Koʻikoʻi Ma waho aʻe o ke ʻAno Metala: Ka Lapaʻau Wela a me ka Uhi ʻana
I ka manawa pinepine, ʻaʻole ma muli o ka metala kūpono ʻole kahi mea hana e "manaʻo maikaʻi ʻole ʻia", akā, ma muli o ka mālama wela maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO nā kaʻina hana e like me ka quenching (hoʻoluʻu wikiwiki) a me ka tempering (hoʻomehana hou i kāohi ʻia) e hoʻoholo i ke kaulike ma waena o ka paʻakikī (ʻoi, kūpaʻa i ke komo ʻana) a me ka ductility (kūpaʻa i ka haki ʻana). ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana o nā mea hana mahiʻai maikaʻi, ʻoiai ke kino e lawa ka ductile e kū i ka hopena.
Eia kekahi, ʻo nā uhi ʻana e like me ka pena, ka uhi pauka, ka galvanizing, a i ʻole ka aila ʻana maʻamau e kōkua i ka hoʻolohi ʻana i ka pala—ʻoi aku hoʻi ma ke kila kalapona.
Nā Manaʻo Kūpono: ʻO wai ka Metala "ʻOi Loa"?
ʻO ka "ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi" e pili ana i nā pono hoʻohana:
1. No nā mea hana lima maʻalahi a me ke kumukūʻai kūpono (hō, ʻō, ʻō): ʻo ke kila kalapona me ka mālama wela maikaʻi ke koho kūpono loa.
2. No nā lepo ʻāpala a me ka hoʻohana nui ʻana (nā ʻūlū hou, nā rotavators): ʻo ke kila kila a i ʻole nā ʻāpana me ka hoʻopaʻakikī kūpono e hāʻawi i ke ola lawelawe lōʻihi.
3. No nā wahi pulu, nā mea hoʻoulu wai, a me ka ʻohi ʻana: ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ke kila kila no ka mea he kūpaʻa i ka popo a maʻalahi hoʻi e mālama.
4. No nā mōlina māmā a me nā mea hana i lawe pinepine ʻia: kūpono ka alumini, akā, ʻaʻole no nā ʻāpana i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻeli ʻana a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana i ka lepo.
5. No nā pahi e pono ai ke ea a ʻoi hoʻi (nā pahi ʻokiʻoki maikaʻi, kekahi mau pahi ʻoki): ʻo ke kila puna ke koho maikaʻi loa.
Pani
ʻAʻole maʻamau ke koho ʻana i ka metala no nā lako mahiʻai. ʻO ke kila kalapona ke koho makemake nui ʻia ma muli o kona ikaika, ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻokala ʻana, a me ke kumukūʻai kūpono. Eia nō naʻe, no nā pono kūikawā—e like me ke kūpaʻa nui ʻana i ka ʻaʻahu, ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe i ka pala, a i ʻole nā ʻāpana palupalu—hāʻawi ke kila alloy, ke kila kila, ka alumini, a me ke kila puna i nā pono i nele i ke kila kalapona maʻemaʻe.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano o kēlā me kēia metala a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka wela a me ka mālama ʻana, hiki i nā mahiʻai a me nā mea hana lako ke hoʻokō i nā lako mahiʻai paʻa, palekana, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. I ka hopena, ʻaʻole wale nā lako kūpono e hoʻolalelale i ka hana akā e hōʻemi pū i nā kumukūʻai hoʻololi a hoʻonui i ka huahana ma ke kula.
