Nā Hoʻonā a me nā Colloids: He Nānā Hohonu i ʻElua mau hanana Kemika hoihoi
I loko o ke kemika, ʻelua mau manaʻo nui e lilo pinepine i kumuhana koʻikoʻi i nā noiʻi like ʻole a me nā noi ʻana, ʻo ia nā hopena a me nā colloids. Loaʻa i nā mea ʻelua nā ʻano kūikawā a me nā hanana koʻikoʻi i nā ʻano ʻepekema a me nā hana maoli. Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala e ʻimi hohonu i nā hopena a me nā colloids, e nānā ana i ko lākou ʻokoʻa, nā ʻano, a me nā noi i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
1. Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā Hoʻonā a me nā Colloids
He hui like ka hopena i haku ʻia me ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha mau mea i loko o hoʻokahi pae. I loko o kahi hopena, loaʻa i ka solute nā molekala i hoʻopuehu like ʻia i loko o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau o kahi hopena, ʻo ia ka wai kō, kahi e hoʻoheheʻe ai ke kō i loko o ka wai e hana i kahi hui like. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hopena ma muli o nā pae o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ka solute, e like me ke kinoea-i-ke kinoea, ka wai-i-ka-wai, a me nā hopena paʻa-i-ka-wai.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, he mau hui like ʻole nā colloids kahi i hoʻopuehu ʻia ai nā ʻāpana mai ka nui o 1 a 1000 nanometers i loko o kahi medium dispersion. ʻIke ʻia nā colloids he homogeneous i ka maka ʻōlohelohe, akā ʻokoʻa ke nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā colloids he waiū (emulsion), uahi (aerosol), a me ka jelly (gel).
2. ʻAno a me nā Waiwai o nā Hoʻonā
ʻO kahi hopena he ʻōnaehana kahi i hoʻopuehu like ʻia ai ka solute me nā nui o nā ʻāpana ma ka pae molekala a i ʻole ionic, e paʻakikī ai ke hoʻokaʻawale ma o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻike maka a i ʻole ka nānā ʻana i ka microscope. ʻO kekahi o nā waiwai nui o nā hopena:
– Solubility: ʻO kēia ka hiki o kahi mea ke hoʻoheheʻe i loko o kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe kikoʻī. ʻO nā mea e hoʻopili ai i ka solubility e komo pū me ka mahana, ke kaomi, a me nā waiwai kemika o ka solute a me ka solvent.
– Ka Hoʻohuihui: Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka nui o ka solute i loko o kahi hopena ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole, e like me ka molarity (M), molality (m), a me ka mole fraction. ʻO ka Molarity, no ka laʻana, ʻo ia ka helu o nā moles o ka solute no ka lita o ka hopena.
– Nā Waiwai Colligative: ʻO nā waiwai o nā hopena e like me ka emi ʻana o ka pae hau, ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae paila, ke kaomi osmotic, a me ka emi ʻana o ke kaomi mahu he mau waiwai ia e hilinaʻi nei i ka nui o nā ʻāpana i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, ʻaʻole ko lākou ʻano.
3. ʻAno a me nā Waiwai o nā Colloids
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana colloidal ma mua o nā molekala, akā ua lawa ka liʻiliʻi e noho mālie a ʻaʻole e noho ma muli o ka mana o ke koʻikoʻi. ʻO nā waiwai o nā colloids:
– Ka Hopena Tyndall: ʻO kēia ka hiki o nā colloids ke hoʻopuehu i ka mālamalama. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā hopena, ʻoi aku ka hiki o nā colloids ke hoʻomālamalama i nā kukuna kukui ke hele lākou ma waena o kā lākou mau ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau ka ʻālohilohi o nā kukui kaʻa i ka noe.
– Neʻe ʻana o Brownian: Neʻe wale nā ʻāpana Colloidal ma muli o nā kuʻi ʻana me nā molekala o ka medium dispersion. Hoʻonui kēia i ke kūpaʻa o ke colloid e kūʻē i ka ua.
– Adsorption: Hoʻowalewale pinepine nā ʻāpana Colloidal a mālama i nā molekala a i ʻole nā iona ma ko lākou ʻili ma o ke kaʻina hana adsorption, hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ka uku o ka ʻili a me ke kūpaʻa o ke colloid.
4. Nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā Solutions a me nā Colloids
ʻOiai ke ʻano like o nā hopena a me nā colloids ma nā ʻano he nui, he ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ko lākou:
– Ka Nui o nā ʻĀpana: Aia nā ʻāpana i loko o nā hopena ma ka pae molekala a i ʻole ka pae ion, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana i loko o nā colloids, ma waena o 1-1000 nm.
– Homogeneity: He homogeneous loa nā hopena ma ka pae molekala, ʻoiai ke ʻano homogeneous nā colloids akā he heterogeneous ma ka pae microscopic.
– Paʻa: ʻOi aku ka paʻa o nā hopena a ʻaʻole hōʻike i ka ua ʻana o nā ʻāpana i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻoiai ʻo nā colloids e loaʻa ke kūpaʻa i hoʻopilikia ʻia e ka uku ʻāpana a me ke ʻano waena.
5. Nā Hoʻohana i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena a me nā colloids no ka mea he nui nā noi pono o lākou i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Eia kekahi mau noi maʻamau:
– Nā lāʻau lapaʻau: Hoʻohui ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau he nui i ke ʻano hoʻonā e hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka omo ʻana a me ka pono, e like me nā syrups cough. Loaʻa pinepine nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ke ʻano colloidal, e like me nā kirīmi a me nā poni, e ʻae ana i ka mea hana e pālahalaha ma luna o ka ʻili o ka ʻili.
– ʻOihana Meaʻai: ʻO nā hopena e like me nā wai huaʻai a me nā mea inu ʻona he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ia o ka ʻai kanaka. Loaʻa pū nā colloids i nā huahana he nui, e like me ka pata, ka margarine, ka ʻaikalima, a me ka mayonnaise.
– Ka Hoʻōla Wai: Hoʻohana nā kaʻina hana e like me ka coagulation a me ka flocculation i nā waiwai colloidal e hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea haumia i loko o ka wai i hiki ke wehe maʻalahi ʻia.
– Nā mea hoʻonani: ʻO nā huahana hoʻonani e like me nā lotions, creams, a me nā gels he colloidal pinepine. ʻAe kēia i nā mea hana e hoʻolaha like ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili.
– ʻEpekema Mea Hana: Hana ʻia nā mea hana he nui ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā waiwai o nā colloids, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā kaila laholio i nā ʻāpana kalapona colloidal e hoʻoikaika i ko lākou ʻano kino.
6. Nā Haʻawina Hou a me ka Noiʻi
Ke hoʻomau nei ka honua o ke kemika i ka ulu ʻana, a me ia, e hohonu ana ko mākou ʻike i nā hopena a me nā colloids. Hiki i nā noiʻi hou ke komo pū me ke aʻo ʻana pehea e launa pū ai nā ʻāpana colloidal i nā media paʻakikī, a i ʻole pehea e hiki ai ke hoʻololi ʻia nā waiwai colligative o nā hopena no nā noi ʻoihana.
I loko o ka nanotechnology, no ka laʻana, he kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā colloids i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hou me nā ʻano i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka pālākiō nanometer, e wehe ana i ka puka i nā hana hou i ka uila, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, a me ka ikehu.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā hopena a me nā colloids he mau hanana kemika koʻikoʻi me nā hoʻohana ākea i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa, nā ʻano, a me nā waiwai kūikawā o kēia mau ʻōnaehana ʻelua ʻaʻole wale e hoʻonui i ka ʻike kemika kumu akā hāʻawi pū i nā ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻoihana like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻike o nā hopena a me nā colloids ke kī i nā hana hou a me nā hoʻomohala ʻenehana e hiki mai ana.
