Manaʻo Photon
Pendahuluan
ʻO nā Photons he mau ʻāpana mua e hana ana i ka quanta o ka mālamalama a me nā ʻano āpau o ka radiation electromagnetic. He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā Photons i nā ʻano like ʻole o ka physics, mai ka mechanics quantum a i ka optics a me ka ʻenehana ʻike. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ke kumumanaʻo o nā photons, ka mōʻaukala o ko lākou ʻike ʻana, ko lākou mau waiwai kumu, a me nā noi like ʻole e hoʻohana ana iā lākou i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.
Ka Moolelo o ka Loaʻa ʻana o nā Photons
Kumumanaʻo Quantum o ke Mālamalama
Ma mua o ke kenekulia 20, ua manaʻo ʻia ka mālamalama he nalu electromagnetic i wehewehe ʻia e ke kumumanaʻo a Maxwell. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kekahi mau hanana, e like me ka hopena photoelectric i ʻike ʻia e Heinrich Hertz i ka makahiki 1887, e ke kumumanaʻo nalu kuʻuna o ka mālamalama. Ua hāpai ʻo Albert Einstein, ma kāna pepa 1905, i ke kuhiakau he mau ʻeke ikehu discrete ka mālamalama i kapa ʻia ʻo light quanta, a i ʻole photons.
Ua hoʻohana ʻo Einstein i kēia manaʻo e wehewehe i ka hopena photoelectric, kahi e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ai nā electrons mai kahi ʻili metala ke hōʻike ʻia i ka mālamalama. Ua manaʻo ʻo ia he ikehu ko nā photons \( E = h\nu \), kahi \( h \) ʻo ia ka Planck's constant a ʻo \( \nu \) ke alapine o ke kukui. Ua hōʻoia ʻia kēia kuhiakau ma hope ma o nā hoʻokolohua he nui, e hōʻoia ana i ka duality wave-particle o ka mālamalama a ke kau nei i ke kahua no nā mechanics quantum.
Ka Hoʻomaopopo ʻana a me ka Hoʻomohala ʻana
Ua loaʻa i ka manaʻo o ka photon ka ʻike nui ʻia i ka wā i hōʻike ai ʻo Arthur Compton i ka makahiki 1923 he momentum ko nā photons, ma o ka hopena Compton. Ua hōʻike kēia hoʻokolohua e hana ana nā photons e like me nā ʻāpana, e kuʻi ana me nā electrons, e hoʻololi ana i ka nalu o ke kukui i hoʻopuehu ʻia. I ka hopena, ua loaʻa i ka manaʻo o ka photon ka ʻae nui ʻia a lilo i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka physics hou.
Nā Waiwai Kumu o nā Photons
Ikehu a me ka alapine (frequency)
Pili pono ka ikehu o kahi photon i kona alapine (frequency) ma o ka hoohalike a Einstein:
\[ E = h\nu \]
Ma hea:
– ʻO \( E \) ka ikehu photon.
– ʻO \( h \) ke kūpaʻa o Planck (\( 6.626 \times 10^{-34} \) Js).
– ʻO \( \nu \) ke alapine (frequency) o ka hoʻopuehu electromagnetic.
He ʻuʻuku loa ka ikehu o nā photons, akā ma nā alapine kiʻekiʻe (e like me nā kukuna X a me nā kukuna gamma), hiki i ka ikehu o nā photons ke lawa ka nui e hoʻoulu ai i ka ionization o nā ʻātoma a me nā molekala.
Momentum a me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu
ʻOiai ʻaʻohe ona nuipa hoʻomaha, loaʻa i ka photon ka momentum i hāʻawi ʻia e:
\[ p = \frac{E}{c} = \frac{h\nu}{c} = \frac{h}{\lambda} \]
Ma hea:
– ʻO \( p \) ka momentum o ka photon.
– ʻO \( c \) ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama i loko o ka hakahaka.
– ʻO \( \lambda \) ka nalu o ke kukui.
He mea nui ka momentum photon i nā hanana e like me ka hopena Compton a me ke kaomi radiation.
ʻAʻohe Hoʻomaha Nui
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻano kūikawā o nā photons ʻaʻohe o lākou nuipa hoʻomaha (\(m_0 = 0\)). Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa i nā photons ka ikehu a me ka momentum, e hiki ai iā lākou ke lawe a hoʻoili i ka ikehu ma ke ʻano o ka radiation electromagnetic. Hoʻolohe pū ka noho ʻana o nā photons i ka pilina relativistic ma waena o ka ikehu a me ka momentum:
\[ E^2 = (pc)^2 + (m_0 c^2)^2 \]
Me \(m_0 = 0 \), hoʻomaʻalahi kēia kaulike i \(E = pc \).
ʻElua Nalu-ʻĀpana
Hōʻike nā Photons i ka duality particle-wave, kahi hiki iā lākou ke hana e like me nā ʻāpana i kekahi mau hoʻokolohua a like me nā nalu i nā mea ʻē aʻe. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia hanana e ke kumumanaʻo o ka mechanics quantum.
Ke komo ʻana a me ka diffraction
Hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua e like me ka hoʻokolohua pālua ʻāpana o Young i ke ʻano nalu o nā photons ma o nā ʻano hoʻopilikia. Ke hele ʻia ka mālamalama ma o ʻelua mau ʻāpana haiki, hana nā photons i kahi ʻano hoʻopilikia e like me nā nalu.
Nā hopena Photoelectric a me Compton
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike nā hoʻokolohua e like me ka hopena photoelectric a me ka hopena Compton i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana o nā photons. I ka hopena photoelectric, hana nā photons e like me nā ʻāpana, e hoʻoili ana i ko lākou ikehu i nā electrons, e hoʻokuke ʻia ana mai ka ʻili metala. I ka hopena Compton, kuʻi nā photons me nā electrons, e hoʻololi ana i ko lākou kuhikuhi a me ka nalu, e hōʻike ana i ka momentum o ka photon.
Nā Hoʻohana o nā Photons i ka ʻEpekema a me ka ʻenehana
ʻIke maka a me nā Photonics
ʻO nā Photons ke kumu o nā optics a me nā photonics, kahi e hoʻopuni ai i nā ʻenehana e like me nā lasers, fiber optics, a me nā kamaʻilio optical. Hoʻopuka nā Lasers i nā kukuna coherent o nā photons i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻano hana like ʻole, me ke ʻoki kino lapaʻau, ka hana ʻana i nā mea, a me nā kamaʻilio mamao loa.
ʻIke loea
I ka ʻenehana ʻike, hoʻohana ʻia nā photons i nā kamaʻilio fiber-optic, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻoili ʻikepili wikiwiki ma luna o nā pūnaewele pūnaewele. Hoʻohana kēia ʻenehana i ka hiki o nā photons ke hoʻoili i ka nui o ka ʻike ma ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama.
Ikehu hou
He ʻenehana ka Photovoltaics e hoʻololi i ka ikehu o ka lā i uila me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā cell solar. Hopu nā cell solar i nā photons mai ka lā a hoʻololi iā lākou i uila ma o ka hopena photovoltaic, kahi hoʻopili pololei o ka manaʻo photon.
Lapaʻau a me nā Diagnostics
I ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohana ʻia nā photons i nā ʻano hana diagnostic a me therapeutic like ʻole. Hoʻohana ka Radiography (X-ray) i nā photons ikehu kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā kiʻi o ke kino kanaka. Hoʻohana pū ka radiation therapy i nā photons e luku i nā hunaola kanesa.
Noiʻi ʻIke Kino
He mau mea hana koʻikoʻi nā photons i ka noiʻi physics kumu, me ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano atomika a me ka molekala ma o ka spectroscopy. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua physics particle, e like me nā mea i hana ʻia i loko o nā accelerators particle, pili pinepine nā photons i nā pilina particle a me ka palaho.
Nā Pilikia a me ka Wā E Hiki Mai Ana
ʻOiai ua holomua koke ko mākou ʻike i nā photons, nui nā pilikia i koe i ka noiʻi photon. ʻO kekahi o kēia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana quantum e hoʻohana ana i nā waiwai o nā photons, e like me ka helu quantum a me ke kamaʻilio quantum.
Ka helu ʻana o Quantum
Hoʻohana ka helu Quantum i nā waiwai quantum o nā photons e hana i nā helu ʻana me ka wikiwiki ma mua o nā kamepiula kuʻuna. Hoʻohana ʻia nā photons ma ke ʻano he qubits i loko o nā kamepiula quantum photonic, hiki ke hana i ka ʻike ma nā ʻano hiki ʻole i nā kamepiula maʻamau.
Kamaʻilio Kuantum
Hoʻohana ka kamaʻilio Quantum i nā photons e hoʻouna i ka ʻike me ka palekana kiʻekiʻe loa. Ma o nā ʻano hana e like me ka quantum key distribution (QKD), hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā photons e hoʻouna i nā kī hoʻopāʻālua hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia me ka ʻike ʻole ʻia, e hoʻohiki ana i kahi hoʻololi i ka palekana ʻike.
Ka hopena
ʻO ke kumumanaʻo o ka photon kahi kia koʻikoʻi o ka physics hou, e hoʻohui ana i ke kumumanaʻo kuʻuna a me ka mechanics quantum. Mai kona ʻike mua ʻana e Einstein a hiki i kāna mau noi holomua i ka ʻenehana quantum, ke hoʻomau nei ka photon i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka holomua o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana.
Ua hoʻololi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā photons i ke ʻano o ko kākou ʻike ʻana i ka mālamalama a me ka radiation electromagnetic, e hoʻomākaukau ana i ke ala no nā hana hou, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka honua. Ke hoʻomau nei ka noiʻi, hiki iā kākou ke manaʻo i nā noi hou aʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā waiwai kūikawā o nā photons, e hoʻolilo ana i ko kākou honua i akamai a pili.
