Nā Waiwai Kino a me Kemika o nā Halogens: He Nānā Hohonu i nā Elemene ma ka Hui 17
ʻO nā Halogens kahi hui o nā mea i loko o ka Hui 17 o ka papa periodic, i haku ʻia me ka fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), astatine (At), a me ka mea hou loa, tenesine (Ts). Ma ke ʻano he mau mea ʻaʻole metala, loaʻa i nā halogens nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika kūikawā e hoʻolilo iā lākou i mea nui loa i nā noi kemika a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole. Ma kēia ʻatikala, e kūkākūkā mākou i nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o nā halogens me ka kikoʻī.
Nā Waiwai Kino o nā Halogens
1. Ke Kūlana Pae ma ka Mahana o ka Lumi
Aia ka Fluorine a me ka chlorine ma ke ʻano he mau kinoea i ka mahana o ka lumi, aʻo ka bromine he wai ʻulaʻula-ʻeleʻele lele. He paʻa poni-uliuli ka Iodine e crystallizes ana i loko o kahi ʻano kū hoʻokahi. Aia pū ka astatine laha ʻole ma ke ʻano he paʻa, akā he paʻa ʻole loa ia a he radioactive. ʻAʻole ʻike nui ʻia nā waiwai kino o ke ʻano synthetic o ka tenesine ma muli o kona laha ʻole.
2. Waihoʻoluʻu
He kala ʻokoʻa ko kēlā me kēia halogen i kona mau ʻano like ʻole. He melemele keʻokeʻo ka fluorine kinoea, he ʻōmaʻomaʻo melemele ka chlorine kinoea, he ʻulaʻula ʻeleʻele ka bromine wai, a he poni uliuli ka iodine paʻa. Kū mai kēia mau kala mai ka omo ʻana o ka mālamalama ma nā nalu kikoʻī i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana o nā electrons i loko o nā ʻātoma halogen.
3. Ka hoʻokele uila a me ka wela
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻaʻole hōʻike nā halogens i ka conductivity uila maikaʻi no ka mea ʻaʻole lākou he metala. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā lākou ke lilo i mau alakaʻi nāwaliwali ma ke ʻano o nā molekala i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a i ʻole nā kinoea ionized. Loaʻa i nā halogens ka conductivity thermal haʻahaʻa, e hoʻopaʻa ana i ko lākou kūlana ma ke ʻano he insulators maikaʻi.
4. Kiko Heheʻe a me ka Kiko Hoʻolapalapa
Aia kekahi ʻano hoihoi i nā kiko heheʻe a me nā kiko paila o nā halogens me ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu atomika. Piʻi nā kiko heheʻe a me nā kiko paila o nā halogens mai ka fluorine a i ka iodine. ʻO kēia ma muli o ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ikaika o nā mana hoʻolaha Lākana (nā mana hoʻolaha) me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui atomika a me ka helu o nā electrons.
Nā Waiwai Kemika o nā Halogens
1. Ka hana hou ʻana
Ua ʻike ʻia nā halogens he pane wikiwiki loa, ʻo fluorine ka mea pane wikiwiki loa i kēia hui. Hoʻemi ʻia ka pane wikiwiki o ka halogen mai ka fluorine a i ka iodine. ʻO kēia pane wikiwiki ma muli o ko lākou pilina electron kiʻekiʻe; loaʻa pinepine nā halogens i nā electrons e hana i nā ion monovalent maikaʻi ʻole (anions). ʻO Fluorine, ma ke poʻo o ka hui, he ikehu pilina ikaika loa, e hana ana ia i pane wikiwiki ma lalo o nā kūlana āpau.
2. Ka Hoʻokumu ʻana o ka Paʻakai
Loaʻa ka huaʻōlelo "halogen" mai ka huaʻōlelo Helene ʻo ia hoʻi ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i ka paʻakai. ʻO kēia no ka mea e pane koke nā halogens me nā metala e hana i nā paʻakai. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau ka sodium chloride (NaCl), ka paʻakai papaʻaina maʻamau. Ke pane ka chlorine me ka sodium:
2Na + Cl₂ → 2NaCl.
3. ʻOkika a me ka Hoʻemi
Hiki i nā halogens ke hana ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻomake ikaika. ʻAe lākou i nā electrons i nā hopena kemika, a laila e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana i kā lākou helu hoʻomake ponoʻī a hoʻomake i nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻOkoʻa kēia mau hopena redox, ma muli o nā kūlana a me ke ʻano o ka hui i komo.
4. Nā Pūhui Interhalogen
Hiki i nā halogens ke hana pū kekahi me kekahi e hana i nā hui interhalogen. No ka laʻana, hiki i ka chlorine ke hana me ka fluorine e hana i ka chlorofluorine (ClF), a me nā ʻano hui like ʻole e like me ka bromine chlorite (BrCl) a me ka iodine pentafluoride (IF₇), e hōʻike ana i ka ʻokoʻa a me ka paʻakikī o kā lākou reactivity.
5. Nā Molekula Diatomic
I ko lākou kūlana maoli, aia nā halogens ma ke ʻano he mau molekala diatomic paʻa. No ka laʻana, ʻo fluorine ma ke ʻano he F₂, chlorine ma ke ʻano he Cl₂, bromine ma ke ʻano he Br₂, a me ka iodine ma ke ʻano he I₂. Hoʻopili ke kūpaʻa o kēia mau molekala diatomic i nā ʻano like ʻole, me ko lākou reactivity a me nā ikehu hoʻopaʻa.
6. Hana me ka Hydrogen
Hiki i nā halogens ke hana me ka hydrogen e hana i nā waikawa halide e like me ka hydrogen fluoride (HF), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen bromide (HBr), a me ka hydrogen iodide (HI).
H₂ + Cl₂ → 2HCl.
He mau waiwai waikawa ikaika ko kēia mau waikawa halide koe wale nō ka hydrogen fluoride kahi e nāwaliwali ai ma muli o ke alo o nā pilina hydrogen ikaika i loko o ka hopena.
7. ʻAkika
He ʻawahia a weliweli loa nā halogens he nui. ʻO ka fluorine a me ka chlorine, no ka laʻana, he mau kinoea ʻawahia e hiki ai ke hoʻonāukiuki nui a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka māmā inā hanu ʻia. He ʻawahia nō hoʻi ka bromine a me ka iodine i nā nui he nui a hiki ke hoʻoulu i ka lāʻau make nui inā moni ʻia a i ʻole e pili ana i ka ʻili lawa.
Nā Hoʻohana o Halogen i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
Hoʻomaʻemaʻe Wai
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka chlorine i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai e pepehi i ka bacteria a me nā microorganism ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka chlorination kahi hana maʻamau i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ke kūlanakauhale e hōʻoia i ka palekana o ka wai inu.
ʻOihana lāʻau lapaʻau
Hoʻohana ka nui o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i nā hui halogen. ʻO ka hydrogen fluoride, no ka laʻana, he mea mua ia i ka hana ʻana o kekahi mau anesthetics fluoride. ʻO ka Iodine kahi antiseptic maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana ho'ōla ʻeha.
ʻOihana Pepa a me ka ʻOihana Uhi
Hoʻohana ʻia nā hui chlorine a me ka chlorine i ka hoʻokeʻokeʻo pepa a me ka lole. Kōkua kēia kaʻina hana i ka hana ʻana i nā huahana ʻoi aku ka mālamalama a maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai aia nā hoʻoikaika e hoʻemi i kona hoʻohana ʻana ma muli o nā hopohopo e pili ana i ke kaiapuni.
Nā Pesticides a me nā Disinfectants
He nui nā pesticides a me nā disinfectants i loaʻa nā hui chlorine a bromine paha. He kūpono lākou i ka pepehi ʻana i nā mea ʻino a me nā pathogens, ʻoiai hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia olakino a me ke olakino kanaka no ka manawa lōʻihi.
Nā Hoʻohana Kikoʻī ʻē aʻe
Hoʻohana pū nā ʻoihana analog, semiconductor, metal coloring, a me nā kemika ʻē aʻe i nā halogens i nā ʻano like ʻole e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pono a me ka pono o kā lākou huahana a me nā kaʻina hana. He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi ʻo Fluorine o ka hana Teflon, a hoʻohana ʻia nā hui fluorine ʻē aʻe i loko o nā kinoea refrigerant.
Ka hopena
He hui koʻikoʻi nā halogens o nā mea me nā hopena ākea i ka kemika, ka ʻoihana, a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Me nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika kupaianaha—mai ka reactivity kiʻekiʻe a hiki i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hui koʻikoʻi he nui—ʻaʻole wale nā halogens he mau kumuhana hoihoi no ke aʻo ʻana i nā kemika akā he kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi i nā noi hana he nui. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo hou ʻana i nā waiwai o nā halogens hiki ke wehe i ka puka i nā hana hou a me nā hoʻonā hoʻomau i nā ʻano kahua like ʻole.
