Nā hopena kemika e hana ʻia ana i loko o nā pila
Ua lilo nā pila i hoʻokahi o nā hana hou koʻikoʻi loa i ka mōʻaukala kanaka, e hoʻoikaika ana i nā mea hana mai nā wati a i nā kaʻa uila. ʻO ke kī i ka hana o ka pila ʻo ia nā hopena kemika e hana ʻia ana i loko. E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i nā hopena kemika e pili ana i ka hana o nā ʻano pila like ʻole.
He Moʻolelo Pōkole o nā Pila
Ua hana ʻia ka pila mua e Alessandro Volta i ka makahiki 1800. Ua hana ʻo ia i ka "Voltaic Pile," kahi i hoʻohana ai i kahi puʻu o nā papa keleawe a me ka zinc i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka lole i hoʻoluʻu ʻia i loko o kahi wai paʻakai. Ua hoʻomākaukau kēia mea i hana ʻia i ke ala no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi a me ka lawe lima.
Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu o nā Pila
ʻO ke kumu nui o nā pila āpau, ʻo ia ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka uila ma o kahi hopena kemika. Aia kēlā me kēia pila i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana nui: kahi anode, kahi cathode, a me kahi electrolyte.
– Anoda adalah elektroda negatif yang melepaskan elektron selama reaksi elektrokimia.
– Katoda adalah elektroda positif yang menerima elektron.
– Elektrolit adalah medium yang memungkinkan pergerakan ion antara anoda dan katoda, memfasilitasi reaksi kimia.
Reaksi yang terjadi dalam baterai disebut sebagai ka hopena redox (reduksi-oksidasi). Di anoda, terjadi reaksi oksidasi, sementara di katoda terjadi reaksi reduksi.
Pākahi Alkaline
ʻO nā pila alkaline kekahi o nā ʻano pila i hoʻohana nui ʻia. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia lākou i nā mea hana mana haʻahaʻa e like me nā mea mamao TV a me nā kukui uila.
ʻāpana
– Anoda : Seng (Zn)
– Katoda : Mangan dioksida (MnO₂)
– Elektrolit : Kalium hidroksida (KOH)
Ka Hana Kemika
I loko o kahi pākahiko alkaline, ʻo ka hopena e hana ʻia nei:
– Anoda (Oksidasi) :
Zn (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq) → Zn(OH)₂ (s) + 2 e⁻
– Katoda (Reduksi) :
2 MnO₂ (s) + 2 H₂O (l) + 2 e⁻ → 2 MnO(OH) (s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq)
ʻO ka hopena holoʻokoʻa i hana ʻia:
Zn(s) + 2 MnO₂(s) → ZnO(s) + Mn₂O₃(s)
I loko o kēia hopena, hoʻopau ʻia ka zinc ma ka anode e hana i ka zinc oxide (ZnO), ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka manganese dioxide ma ka cathode i Mn₂O₃.
Pākahi Waikawa Lead
ʻO nā pila lead-acid ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka pila i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kaʻa kaʻa ma ke ʻano he kumu mana hoʻomaka. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia kēia mau pila i nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu ma UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supplies).
ʻāpana
– Anoda : Timbal (Pb)
– Katoda : Timbal dioksida (PbO₂)
– Elektrolit : Asam sulfat (H₂SO₄)
Ka Hana Kemika
I loko o kahi pākahiko waikawa kēpau, ʻo ka hopena e hana ʻia nei:
– Anoda (Oksidasi) :
Pb(s) + SO₄²⁻ (aq) → PbSO₄(s) + 2 e⁻
– Katoda (Reduksi) :
PbO₂ (s) + SO₄²⁻ (aq) + 4 H⁺ (aq) + 2 e⁻ → PbSO₄ (s) + 2 H₂O (l)
ʻO ka hopena holoʻokoʻa i hana ʻia:
Pb (s) + PbO₂ (s) + 2 H₂SO₄ (aq) → 2 PbSO₄ (s) + 2 H₂O (l)
ʻAsam sulfate bertindak sebagai elektrolit yang memfasilitasi transfer ion antara anoda dan katoda. Ketika baterai diisi ulang, reaksi ini dibalik, mengembalikan Pb dan PbO₂ ke elektroda mereka masing-masing.
Pākuʻi Lithium-Ion
ʻO nā pila Lithium-ion kekahi o nā ʻano pila kaulana loa o kēia au, i hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea uila lawe lima e like me nā kelepona paʻalima, nā kamepiula lawe lima, a me nā kaʻa uila.
ʻāpana
– Anoda : Grafit yang diinterkalasi dengan ion lithium (LiC₆)
– Katoda : Padatan berlapis seperti lithium kobalt oksida (LiCoO₂), lithium mangan oksida (LiMn₂O₄), atau lithium besi fosfat (LiFePO₄)
– Elektrolit : Campuran cair polimer yang mengandung garam lithium
Ka Hana Kemika
I loko o nā pila lithium-ion, ʻo nā hopena e kū mai ana:
– Anoda (Pengosongan) :
LiC₆ → C₆ + Li⁺ + e⁻
– Katoda (Pengosongan) :
LiCoO₂ + Li⁺ + e⁻ → LiCoO₂
ʻO ka hopena holoʻokoʻa i loaʻa i ka wā o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana:
C₆Li + LiCoO₂ → C₆ + CoO₂ + Li₂O
Hana ʻia ka hopena hope ke hoʻouka hou ʻia ka pila. I ka wā e hoʻouka ai, neʻe hou nā lithium-ion i ka anode graphite mai ka cathode.
Pākahiko Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd)
Ua hoʻohana lōʻihi ʻia nā pila Nickel-Cadmium no nā noi e pono ai nā pōʻaiapuni hoʻouka a hoʻokuʻu pinepine, e like me nā mea hana mana a me nā mea lapaʻau.
ʻāpana
– Anoda : Cadmium (Cd)
– Katoda : Nikel oksida hidroksida (NiO(OH))
– Elektrolit : Kalium hidroksida (KOH)
Ka Hana Kemika
I loko o kahi pila Nickel-Cadmium, ʻo ka hopena e hana ʻia penei:
– Anoda (Oksidasi) :
Cd(s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq) → Cd(OH)₂ (s) + 2 e⁻
– Katoda (Reduksi) :
2 NiO(OH)(s) + 2 H₂O(l) + 2 e⁻ → 2 Ni(OH)₂(s) + 2 OH⁻ (aq)
ʻO ka hopena holoʻokoʻa i hana ʻia:
Cd (s) + 2 NiO(OH) (s) + 2 H₂O (l) → Cd(OH)₂ (s) + 2 Ni(OH)₂ (s)
Ma kēia hopena, ua hoʻoemi ʻia ka cadmium ma ka anode i ka cadmium hydroxide, ʻoiai ua hoʻemi ʻia ka nickel oxide hydroxide ma ka cathode i ka nickel hydroxide.
Ka hopena
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā pila i ko kākou ola hou, a ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hopena kemika e hana ʻia ana i loko o lākou he mea nui ia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. Inā he mau pila alkaline maʻalahi a i ʻole nā pila lithium-ion paʻakikī, hilinaʻi nā pila āpau i ke kumu kumu o nā hopena redox e hana i ka uila. Me nā holomua i ka noiʻi a me ka hana hou ʻana i ka ʻenehana, hiki iā mākou ke manaʻo e lilo nā pila e hiki mai ana i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, ka paʻa, a me ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni.
Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā kumu kemika ma hope o kēia mau pila, hiki iā mākou ke mahalo nui i ka ʻenehana e hoʻoikaika i nā ʻano he nui o ko mākou ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
