ʻOkoʻa ma waena o ka waikawa ikaika a me ka waikawa nāwaliwali
I nā haʻawina kemika, pinepine nā huaʻōlelo ikaika a me nā waikawa nāwaliwali i ka wā e kūkākūkā ai i nā hopena, pH, a me nā hopena i loko o ka wai. He mau waikawa nā mea ʻelua, nā mea e hana ai i nā ion hydrogen (H⁺) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo wale ʻia ka ikaika o kahi waikawa e ka ʻawaʻawa o kona ʻono a i ʻole ka haʻahaʻa o ka pH o kāna hopena. ʻO ka mea e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā waikawa ikaika a me nā waikawa nāwaliwali ʻo ia ke kekelē o ka ionization (dissociation) o ka waikawa i loko o ka wai. E kūkākūkā maopopo kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, e uhi ana i nā manaʻo, nā laʻana, nā waiwai, a me kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
Ka Wehewehena o ka Waikawa e like me ke Kemika
Ma keʻano laulā, hiki ke wehewehe ʻia nā waikawa ma o kekahi mau kumumanaʻo:
1. Arrhenius: He mea hoʻonui ka waikawa i ka nui o ka H⁺ i loko o ka wai.
2. Brønsted–Lowry: He mau mea hāʻawi proton (H⁺) nā waikawa.
3. Lewis: He mea ʻae pālua electron ka waikawa.
Ma ke ʻano o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā waikawa nāwaliwali, hoʻohana pinepine ke kūkākūkā ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo Arrhenius lāua ʻo Brønsted-Lowry, no ka mea, pili pono nā mea ʻelua i ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā iona H⁺/H₃O⁺ i loko o ka hopena.
He aha ka waikawa ikaika?
ʻO ka waikawa ikaika kahi waikawa e hoʻokahe piha (a kokoke loa paha) i ka wai. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia kahi waikawa ikaika, e haki ka hapa nui o kona mau molekala i loko o kā lākou mau iona, ʻo ia hoʻi nā iona H⁺ (kahi e hana ai i ka H₃O⁺ i loko o ka wai). Ma muli o ka aneane 100% o ka ionization, ua kiʻekiʻe iki ka nui o ka H⁺ i hoʻokumu ʻia.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ʻo ka waikawa hydrochloric (HCl) i loko o ka wai e hoʻoheheʻe loa ʻia:
HCl (aq) → H⁺ (aq) + Cl⁻ (aq)
Ma muli o ka hana ʻana o nā ion he nui, ʻo nā hopena waikawa ikaika he mau electrolytes ikaika ia, ʻo ia hoʻi, nā hopena e hiki ke hoʻokele pono i ka uila.
Nā Laʻana o nā ʻAkika Ikaika
ʻO kekahi o nā waikawa ikaika i aʻo pinepine ʻia:
– ʻAkika hydrochloric (HCl)
– ʻAkika hydrobromic (HBr)
– Hydroxydioxide (HI)
– ʻAkika nitrika (HNO₃)
– ʻAkika sulfuric (H₂SO₄) (ionization ikaika i ke kahua mua)
– ʻAkika perchloric (HClO₄)
He aha ka ʻakika nāwaliwali?
ʻO ka waikawa nāwaliwali kahi waikawa e hoʻokahe hapa ʻia i loko o ka wai. No laila, ʻo kekahi wale nō o nā molekole waikawa e hoʻokuʻu i nā protons (H⁺), aʻo ke koena e noho mau ana ma ke ʻano he mau molekole waikawa i hoʻohui ʻia. No ka mea, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o kā lākou hana ʻana i nā ion ma mua o nā waikawa ikaika, ʻo nā hopena waikawa nāwaliwali he mau electrolytes nāwaliwali maʻamau.
Eia kekahi laʻana, ua hoʻohuihui hapa ʻia ka waikawa acetic (CH₃COOH), ka ʻāpana nui o ka vīnega:
CH₃COOH (aq) ⇌ H⁺ (aq) + CH₃COO⁻ (aq)
Hōʻike ka pua i mua a i mua (⇌) i ke alo o ke kaulike, no ka mea, hana ʻia ka hopena ionization ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua: hoʻokaʻawale kekahi, hui hou kekahi.
Nā Laʻana o nā ʻAkika Nāwaliwali
Eia kekahi mau waikawa nāwaliwali maʻamau:
– ʻAkika ʻakika (CH₃COOH)
– ʻAkika kalapona (H₂CO₃)
– ʻAkika phosphoric (H₃PO₄)
– Waikawa hydrofluoric (HF)
– ʻAkika citric (C₆H₈O₇)
– ʻAkika formic (HCOOH)
Nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā waikawa nāwaliwali
1. Kekelē o ka Ionization
– ʻAkika ikaika: hoʻohuihui i ka ʻaneʻane 100% i loko o ka wai.
– ʻAkika nāwaliwali: i hoʻohuihui hapa ʻia, hana i ke kaulike.
ʻO kēia ke kumu o ka ʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka ikaika o kahi waikawa e ka nui o ka hopena, akā, ma ke ʻano o nā molekala waikawa e hoʻokuʻu iā H⁺.
2. Ka Waiwai (Kupaʻa Hoʻokaʻawale ʻAkika)
Hiki ke ana ʻia ka ʻakika e Ka, ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa kaulike no nā hopena ionization waikawa.
– Loaʻa i nā waikawa ikaika ka Ka nui loa (a i ʻole ka pKa liʻiliʻi loa), no ka mea, ua kokoke pau kā lākou ionization.
– He liʻiliʻi ka Ka o nā waikawa nāwaliwali (pKa nui), no ka mea, ʻo kekahi wale nō o lākou e ionize.
ʻOi aku ka nui o ka Ka, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka waikawa.
3. pH o ka hopena ma ka hoʻohui like
Ma ka noʻonoʻo like (e.g. 0,1 M):
– Hoʻopuka nā hopena waikawa ikaika i ka H⁺ hou aku → pH haʻahaʻa.
– Hoʻopuka nā hopena waikawa nāwaliwali i ka H⁺ emi → pH kiʻekiʻe.
Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui e hoʻomanaʻo ua hoʻopilikia pū ʻia ka pH e ka nui. Hiki i kahi waikawa nāwaliwali i hoʻopaʻa nui ʻia ke loaʻa ka pH haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka waikawa ikaika i hoʻoheheʻe nui ʻia. No laila, pono e hana ʻia nā hoʻohālikelike pH ma ka nui like i mea e kūpono ai.
4. Ka Hoʻokele Uila
– ʻAkika ikaika: hoʻokele ikaika i ka uila no ka mea he nui nā iona manuahi.
– ʻAkika nāwaliwali: hoʻokele uila me ka nāwaliwali no ka mea he emi kona mau ion.
ʻO kēia ke kumu ma ka hana maoli, hiki i kahi hopena waikawa ikaika ke hoʻomālamalama i ke kukui hōʻike ʻoi aku ka mālamalama ma mua o ka waikawa nāwaliwali ma ka nui like.
5. Ka hana hou ʻana ma kekahi mau hana hou
Ma keʻano laulā, ʻoi aku ka pane ʻana o nā waikawa ikaika ma lalo o nā kūlana he nui ma muli o ka loaʻa nui ʻana o H⁺. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻoholo ʻia ka pane ʻana e ke ʻano o ka hopena, ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, ka mahana, a me nā mea hana. No ka laʻana, i nā hopena me nā metala, hiki i nā waikawa ikaika a nāwaliwali ke hana i ke kinoea hydrogen, akā ma nā ʻano like ʻole.
6. Nā Waiwai ʻAiʻino a me ka Palekana
Ua manaʻo pinepine ʻia he ʻoi aku ka weliweli o nā waikawa ikaika no ka mea he haʻahaʻa loa ko lākou pH. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole palekana nā waikawa nāwaliwali āpau. Hiki i kekahi mau waikawa nāwaliwali ke lilo i mea weliweli, ʻoiai inā ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia a i ʻole he mau waiwai ʻawahia.
laʻana:
– Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ʻo HF (waikawa hydrofluoric) ma ke ʻano he waikawa nāwaliwali ma ke ʻano o ka ionization, akā he mea weliweli loa ia no ka mea hiki iā ia ke komo i loko o nā ʻiʻo a hoʻopaʻa i ka calcium i loko o ke kino.
– He ʻino loa nā waikawa ikaika e like me ka HCl i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā kuni kemika.
No laila, ʻaʻole manaʻo ʻo "nāwaliwali" he "pōʻino ʻole".
Ka Hoʻohana ʻana i nā Waikawa Ikaika a me nā Waikawa Nāwaliwali i ke Ola
Nā waikawa ikaika i ka ʻoihana
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā waikawa ikaika no:
– Ka hana ʻana i nā mea hoʻomomona (e laʻa me H₂SO₄ a me HNO₃)
– Mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe unahi a me ka popo (HCl)
– Ka hana ʻana i ka metala (pickling)
– Nā mea maka no kekahi mau hana kemika
Ma muli o ko lākou ʻano pane a me ka hiki ke hāʻawi i ka nui o H⁺, he kūpono nā waikawa ikaika no nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana nui, ʻoiai lākou e koi ana i nā hana palekana koʻikoʻi.
Nā waikawa nāwaliwali i ka meaʻai a me ka biology
Loaʻa pinepine nā waikawa nāwaliwali i loko o:
ʻAi a me nā mea inu (waikawa citric i loko o nā hua citrus, waikawa acetic i loko o ka vīnega)
- ʻŌnaehana buffer i loko o ke kino
- Ke kaʻina hana fermentation a me ka mālama ʻana
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā waikawa nāwaliwali e like me nā mea hoʻoponopono ʻono, nā mea mālama, a me nā ʻāpana o nā ʻōnaehana buffer no ka mea ʻo kā lākou ionization hapa e hoʻolilo i nā loli pH i mea hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia.
Ka hopena
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā waikawa ikaika a me nā waikawa nāwaliwali aia ma ke kekelē o ka ionization i loko o ka wai. Hoʻokaʻawale loa nā waikawa ikaika, e hana ana i nā ion H⁺ he nui, he Ka kiʻekiʻe, he pH haʻahaʻa ma ka like ʻana o ka nui, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka conductivity uila. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hoʻokaʻawale hapa wale nā waikawa nāwaliwali, e hana ana i kahi equilibrium, he Ka haʻahaʻa, a he conductivity uila haʻahaʻa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole manaʻo ka huaʻōlelo "nāwaliwali" he palekana, no ka mea, hiki i kekahi mau waikawa nāwaliwali ke hoʻoweliweli ma muli o ko lākou nui a me nā waiwai kemika.
He mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i kēia ʻokoʻa ʻaʻole wale no nā hoʻokolohua kemika, akā, no ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana hoʻi i nā hanana o kēlā me kēia lā, mai ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa o ka meaʻai a hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kemika i loko o nā keʻena hoʻokolohua a me ka ʻoihana.
