Ke ʻAno Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka Hui Chromatography
Pendahuluan
ʻO Chromatography kekahi o nā ʻano hana kūpono loa a maʻalahi hoʻi no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā hui kemika, i hoʻohana ʻia ma nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole a me nā ʻoihana. Loaʻa ka inoa "chromatography" mai nā huaʻōlelo Helene "chroma," ʻo ia hoʻi ke kala, a me "graphein," ʻo ia hoʻi ke kākau. ʻOiai ua hoʻohana mua ʻia kēia ʻano hana e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui kala, i kēia lā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka chromatography e hoʻokaʻawale, ʻike, a kālailai i nā ʻano mea like ʻole, ʻo nā mea kala a me nā mea ʻole.
Nā Kumumanaʻo Kumu o ka Chromatography
ʻO ke kumu, pili ka chromatography i ʻelua mau pae: kahi pae paʻa a me kahi pae neʻe. ʻO ke pae paʻa kahi mea e noho paʻa ana a pili i kahi kolamu a i ʻole ka ʻili, ʻoiai ʻo ke pae neʻe he wai a kinoea paha e kahe ana ma o ke pae paʻa. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea i loko o kahi hāpana ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ko lākou mau wikiwiki neʻe ʻana ma waena o kēia mau pae ʻelua.
Ke ʻano Chromatography
1. Kromatografi Pepa
ʻO ka chromatography pepa kekahi o nā ʻano hana maʻalahi loa. Ma kēia ʻano hana, he ʻāpana pepa e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he pae paʻa, a ʻo kahi hopena (ʻo ka wai a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik) e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he pae neʻe. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hāpana ma ke kua o ka pepa, a laila hoʻoluʻu ʻia ka pepa i loko o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe. Kahe ka mea hoʻoheheʻe i luna o ka pepa, e lawe ana i nā mea o ka hui ʻana me ia ma nā ʻano like ʻole, ma muli o ko lākou mau pilina no nā pae paʻa a me nā pae neʻe. He ʻano hana maʻalahi a maikaʻi kēia no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā mea me nā polarities like ʻole.
2. Chromatography Papa Lahilahi (TLC)
ʻO TLC kekahi ʻano hana maʻalahi a wikiwiki hoʻi. Hoʻohana ia i kahi papa aniani, metala, a i ʻole ka pā palakiko i uhi ʻia me kahi papa lahilahi o kahi adsorbent e like me ka silica gel a i ʻole alumina ma ke ʻano he pae paʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka laʻana i ke kumu o ka pā, a laila waiho ʻia ka pā i loko o kahi pahu e loaʻa ana kahi papa pāpaʻu o ka solvent (ka pae mobile). Piʻi ka solvent ma o ka pā ma o ka hana capillary, e lawe ana a hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana o ka laʻana. Hiki ke ʻike pololei ʻia nā hopena hoʻokaʻawale ma lalo o ke kukui UV a i ʻole ma ka pane ʻana me nā reagents kūikawā.
3. Chromatography Kolamu
ʻO ka chromatography kolamu e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kolamu kū pololei i hoʻopiha ʻia me kahi pae paʻa, e like me ka silica gel a i ʻole alumina. ʻO ka pae lawe lima, hiki ke lilo i hopena organik a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, e hoʻohele ʻia ma o ke kolamu i hoʻopiha ʻia me ka laʻana. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea i loko o ka laʻana ma muli o ko lākou pili no ka pae paʻa a me ka neʻe ʻana i ka pae lawe lima. He nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka chromatography kolamu, e like me ka chromatography wai kiʻekiʻe (HPLC) a me ka chromatography wai flash.
4. Chromatography Kinoea (Kromatography Kinoea - GC)
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo GC e hoʻokaʻawale a kālailai i nā hui volatile. Ma kēia ʻano hana, ʻo ka pae paʻa he wai i uhi ʻia ma luna o kahi mea paʻa unreactive a waiho ʻia i loko o kahi kolamu capillary, ʻoiai ʻo ka pae mobile he kinoea e like me ka helium a i ʻole ka nitrogen. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka laʻana i loko o ke kolamu, kahi e mahu ai nā hui a lawe ʻia e ke kinoea inert. Hana ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i loko o ke kolamu ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o ka volatility a me ka launa pū ʻana o nā hui me ka pae paʻa. Ana kahi mea ʻike ma ka hopena o ke kolamu i ka nui o kēlā me kēia hui i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e ʻae ana i ka loiloi quantitative a me qualitative.
5. Chromatography Wai Hana Kiʻekiʻe (HPLC)
ʻO ka HPLC kahi mana i hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia o ka chromatography kolamu e hoʻohana ana i ke kaomi kiʻekiʻe e pamu i kahi pae neʻe ma o kahi kolamu i piha i nā ʻāpana microscopic ma ke ʻano he pae paʻa. Hāʻawi kēia ʻenehana i ka hoʻonā maikaʻi a hiki ke ʻae i ka nānā wikiwiki a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā hui like ʻole. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā mea ʻike like ʻole ma HPLC, me UV-Vis, fluorescence, a me ka spectrometry mass, e ʻae ana i kahi ākea o nā noi i ka kemika, biological, a me ka nānā lāʻau lapaʻau.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi a me nā Pōʻino o ka Chromatography
E like me kekahi ʻano hana ʻepekema, loaʻa i ka chromatography nā pono a me nā hemahema e pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia.
Pono:
1. ʻIke Kiʻekiʻe: Hiki i ka Chromatography ke ʻike a hoʻokaʻawale i nā hui i nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa.
2. Versatility: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻano laʻana like ʻole, me nā kinoea, nā wai, a me nā mea paʻa.
3. Wikiwiki: ʻO nā ʻenehana holomua e like me HPLC a me GC e ʻae i ka loiloi wikiwiki.
4. Pololei Kiʻekiʻe a me ka Miʻo: Kūpono loa no ka loiloi quantitative a me qualitative.
nele:
1. Kumukūʻai Kiʻekiʻe: He pipiʻi nā lako chromatography akamai e like me HPLC a me GC a pono e mālama mau ʻia.
2. Nā Palena o ka Hui: ʻAʻole kūpono paha kekahi mau hui no kekahi mau ʻano hana, no ka laʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke kālailai ʻia nā hui non-volatile e GC.
3. Nā Mākau Loea: ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā lako chromatography a me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hopena e pono ai kahi pae kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike loea.
Nā noi Chromatography
Hoʻohana ʻia ka chromatography ma nā ʻano ʻepekema like ʻole a me nā ʻoihana. ʻO kekahi o nā noi nui:
1. Ka Nānā Lāʻau Lapaʻau: No ka hoʻokaʻawale a me ke kālailai ʻana i nā ʻāpana lāʻau, a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe a me ke kūpaʻa o nā huahana lāʻau.
2. ʻEpekema Meaʻai: Hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻāʻo no nā mea haumia i loko o ka meaʻai a me nā mea inu, a me ke kālailai ʻana i ka haku mele ʻana o ka meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻohui.
3. Noiʻi Olaola: E hoʻokaʻawale i nā protein, nā waikawa nucleic, a me nā metabolites i ka noiʻi biochemical a me ka molekala.
4. Kemika Loiloi: Hoʻohana ʻia i ka loiloi kaiapuni a me ka forensic e ʻike i nā mea haumia, nā mea ʻawahia, a me nā kemika weliweli.
5. ʻOihana Petrochemical: No ke kālailai ʻana i nā ʻāpana petroleum a me nā huahana petrochemical.
Ka hopena
He ʻano hana koʻikoʻi a maʻalahi hoʻi ka Chromatography e pāʻani ana i kahi kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka kemika, biology, a me nā ʻoihana like ʻole. Me nā ʻano hana like ʻole i loaʻa, mai ka chromatography pepa maʻalahi a i ka HPLC a me GC paʻakikī, ke hoʻomau nei ia i ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā hopena no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i nā hui paʻakikī. ʻO kona mau pono i ka ʻike, ka wikiwiki, a me ka pololei e lilo ia i mea hana pono ʻole i ka noiʻi a me nā noi hana. ʻOiai ke kumukūʻai a me ka pono no ka ʻike loea hiki ke lilo i mea pale, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pono i hāʻawi ʻia e ka chromatography ma mua o kona koʻikoʻi i ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻoihana.
