He aha nā hui Hydrocarbon?
ʻO nā hydrocarbons kekahi o nā hui kemika koʻikoʻi loa i ke ola hou. Hoʻopili mākou me nā huahana i loaʻa mai nā hydrocarbons i kēlā me kēia lā, mai nā wahie kaʻa a me ke kinoea kuke a hiki i nā lubricants mīkini a me nā mea maka no nā plastics. Ma muli o kā lākou kuleana koʻikoʻi, ʻo ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā hydrocarbons, ko lākou ʻano, nā ʻano, a me nā hoʻohana e kōkua iā mākou e ʻike i ka pilina ma waena o ke kemika a me kā mākou mau pono o kēlā me kēia lā.
Ka Wehewehena o nā Pūhui Hydrocarbon
I ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi, he hui kemika ka hydrocarbon i haku ʻia me ʻelua mau mea wale nō: hydrogen (H) a me carbon (C). ʻOiai ʻelua wale nō ʻano o nā ʻātoma, hele mai nā hydrocarbons i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano. ʻO kēia no ka mea hiki i nā ʻātoma carbon ke hana i nā kaulahao lōʻihi, nā lālā, nā apo, a me nā pilina hoʻokahi, pālua, a ʻekolu paha. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hiki o ke kalapona he tetravalent (loaʻa iā ia ʻehā mau electrons valence e hiki ke hana i ʻehā mau pilina covalent), e ʻae ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano paʻakikī.
Ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, loaʻa nui nā hydrocarbons i loko o ka petroleum, ke kinoea kūlohelohe, ka lanahu, a me nā huahana o nā meaola kahiko i pala i nā miliona miliona mau makahiki. Eia kekahi, hiki ke hana ʻia nā hydrocarbons ma o nā hopena kemika i loko o nā keʻena hoʻokolohua a me nā ʻoihana.
No ke aha e hiki ai i ke kalapona a me ka hydrogen ke hoʻokumu i nā hui he nui?
ʻO ke ʻano kū hoʻokahi o nā hydrocarbons mai ke ʻano palupalu o nā ʻātoma kalapona. Hiki i ke kalapona ke:
1. Ke hana ʻana i nā pilina me nā kalapona ʻē aʻe (C–C), e hana ana i nā kaulahao pololei a lālā paha.
2. Ke hana ʻana i nā pilina hoʻokahi, pālua a me ʻekolu, ka mea e hāʻawi ai i nā ʻokoʻa o ka reactivity a me ke kūpaʻa.
3. Ke hana nei i nā ʻano cyclic (nā apo), nā apo maʻalahi a me nā apo me ke ʻano ʻala.
4. Ke hana ʻana i nā isomers, ʻo ia hoʻi nā hui me ke ʻano molekala like akā nā hoʻonohonoho atomika ʻokoʻa. Hiki i nā isomers ke hoʻololi nui i nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika o kahi hui.
Ma muli o kēia mau kumu, ʻo nā hydrocarbons ke kumu no ka kemika organik a he kuleana nui ko lākou ma ke ʻano he mea maka no nā hui like ʻole e like me nā alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, a me nā polymers.
Ka Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o nā Pūhui Hydrocarbon
Ma keʻano laulā, ua māhele ʻia nā hydrocarbons i ʻelua mau pūʻulu nui: nā hydrocarbons aliphatic a me nā hydrocarbons ʻala. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia nā submahele koʻikoʻi.
1. Nā Hydrocarbons Aliphatic
ʻO nā hydrocarbons aliphatic he mau hydrocarbons i nele i nā apo ʻala. Hiki i kēia hui ke kaulahao hāmama (pololei a lālā paha) a i ʻole ʻala ʻole. Ua māhele ʻia nā hydrocarbons aliphatic i ʻekolu mau ʻano nui:
a. Nā Alkane (Nā Hydrocarbons i hoʻopiha ʻia)
ʻO nā alkanes he mau hydrocarbons nona nā pilina hoʻokahi wale nō ma waena o nā ʻātoma kalapona (C–C). No ka mea, ʻaʻohe o lākou mau pilina pālua, ua kapa ʻia nā alkanes he saturated, ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā lākou ka helu nui loa o nā ʻātoma hydrogen i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i nā ʻātoma kalapona.
– ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o nā alkanes: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
– Nā Laʻana: methane (CH₄), ethane (C₂H₆), propane (C₃H₈), butane (C₄H₁₀)
ʻAʻole i emi iki ka pane ʻana o nā Alkanes ma mua o nā alkenes a me nā alkynes. Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui loa lākou ma ke ʻano he wahie, e like me ka methane i loko o ke kinoea kūlohelohe a me ka octane i loko o ka gasoline.
b. Nā Alkenes (Nā Hydrocarbons i hoʻopiha ʻole ʻia)
Loaʻa i nā alkenes ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pilina pālua (C=C). Ma muli o ka pilina pālua, ua kapa ʻia nā alkenes he unsaturated.
– ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o nā alkenes (no hoʻokahi pilina pālua): CₙH₂ₙ
– Nā Laʻana: ethene/ethylene (C₂H₄), propene (C₃H₆)
ʻOi aku ka pane ʻana o nā alkenes ma mua o nā alkanes a hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā mea maka ʻoihana, no ka laʻana ethylene e hana i ka polyethylene (plastic) a me nā huahana kemika like ʻole.
c. ʻAlkynes (Nā Hydrocarbons i hoʻomaʻalili ʻole ʻia)
Loaʻa i nā Alkynes ma ka liʻiliʻi hoʻokahi pilina triple (C≡C). He mau hydrocarbons unsaturated nō hoʻi lākou a ʻoi aku ka pane ʻana ma mua o nā alkenes.
– ʻO ke ʻano maʻamau o ka alkyne (no hoʻokahi pilina ʻekolu): CₙH₂ₙ₋₂
– Laʻana: ethyne/acetylene (C₂H₂)
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo Acetylene i ka ʻoihana kuʻihao no ka mea e hoʻopuka ana i kahi lapalapa wela kiʻekiʻe ke puhi ʻia me ka oxygen.
2. Nā Hydrocarbons ʻAla
ʻO nā hydrocarbons ʻala he mau hui i loaʻa nā apo ʻala, ʻoiai nā apo benzene. Hōʻike ko lākou ʻano apo i kahi ʻōnaehana electron delocalized, ka mea e paʻa ai lākou.
– Nā Laʻana: benzene (C₆H₆), toluene (C₇H₈), xylene (C₈H₁₀)
Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā hui ʻala e like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe a me nā mea maka ʻoihana. Eia nō naʻe, he mea ʻawahia a he carcinogenic kekahi mau hui ʻala, no laila pono e nānā ʻia kā lākou hoʻohana ʻana.
Nā Waiwai Kino o nā Hydrocarbons
Ma keʻano laulā, he nui nā ʻano kino o nā hydrocarbons:
1. Nonpolar, no laila he paʻakikī ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka wai akā hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe nonpolar e like me benzene a i ʻole ether.
2. Hiki ke lapalapa, no ka mea, ʻo ka hopena puhi ʻana o nā hydrocarbons e hoʻopuka i ka nui o ka ikehu.
3. Piʻi ka pae paila i ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu o nā ʻātoma kalapona, no ka mea, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā mana intermolecular (nā mana o Lākana) i nā molekala nui aʻe.
4. Aia ke ʻano ma muli o ka lōʻihi o ke kaulahao kalapona: ʻo nā hydrocarbons kaulahao pōkole he mau kinoea (e.g. methane), ʻo nā kaulahao waena he mau wai (gasoline), a hiki i nā kaulahao lōʻihi ke lilo i mau mea paʻa (paraffin, asphalt).
Nā Hana Kemika Koʻikoʻi i nā Hydrocarbons
Hiki i nā hydrocarbons ke hana i nā hopena kemika like ʻole, e like me:
– Ke kuni ʻana (oxidation): hana i ka CO₂ a me ka H₂O (puhi kūpono) a i ʻole CO a me ka soot (puhi piha ʻole). Laʻana: wahie kaʻa.
– Pānaʻi: mea maʻamau i nā alkanes, no ka laʻana nā hopena me nā halogens (chlorination).
– Hoʻohui: mea maʻamau i nā alkenes a me nā alkynes, no ka laʻana hoʻohui o ka hydrogen (hydrogenation) e hoʻololi i kahi pilina pālua i hoʻokahi pilina.
- Polymerization: hui pū nā mole liʻiliʻi e like me ka ethylene e hana i nā polymers nui e like me ka polyethylene.
– Ka haki ʻana: ka uhaʻi ʻana o nā molekala hydrocarbon nui i nā molekala liʻiliʻi, he mea nui i ka ʻoihana aila.
Nā Kumuwaiwai Hydrocarbon a me kā lākou Hana ʻana
ʻO nā kumu nui o nā hydrocarbons o ka honua, ʻo ia ka petroleum a me ke kinoea kūlohelohe. He hui paʻakikī ka petroleum o nā hydrocarbons like ʻole. No ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana iā lākou, hana ʻia ka distillation fractional i loko o nā hale hoʻomaʻemaʻe aila. ʻO nā huahana o ka distillation:
– LPG
– naphtha
- kinoea
– kerosene
– ka lā/diesel
- ʻaila poni
- parafini
– ʻalapalapa
He ʻokoʻa ka pae paila a me nā hoʻohana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. Ma waho aʻe o ka distillation, hoʻohana ʻia nā kaʻina hana hou aʻe e like me ka reforming, isomerization, a me ka cracking e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka wahie.
Nā Pōmaikaʻi o nā Hydrocarbons i ke Ola
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko nā hydrocarbons, e like me:
1. Nā kumu ikehu: gasoline, diesel, kinoea kūlohelohe, LPG.
2. Nā mea maka no ka ʻoihana kemika: nā palakiko, nā olonā synthetic, nā mea holoi, nā mea hoʻoheheʻe, nā pena, a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
3. Nā huahana hale: wax paraffin, petroleum jelly, lubricants.
4. Nā ʻoihana kūkulu: ʻalapalapa no nā alanui.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hydrocarbons ke kumu o nā pilikia kaiapuni e like me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o CO₂, ka haumia o ka ea, a me ka pilikia o ka ninini ʻana o ka aila. No laila, ke hoʻomaka nei ka honua e hoʻomohala i ka ikehu hou a me nā ʻenehana ʻoi aku ka launa pū me ke kaiapuni.
Ka hopena
ʻO nā hydrocarbons he mau hui i haku ʻia me ke kalapona a me ka hydrogen, me nā ʻano ʻano like ʻole. Hiki i nā hydrocarbons ke lilo i alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, a i ʻole aromatics, kēlā me kēia me nā waiwai a me nā hana like ʻole. He kuleana koʻikoʻi kā lākou i ka hoʻolako ʻana i ka ikehu a me nā mea maka ʻoihana, akā pono nō hoʻi lākou i ka hoʻokele akahele ma muli o ko lākou hopena i ke kaiapuni. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā manaʻo kumu o nā hydrocarbons, hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke kumu e hilinaʻi nui ai nā wahie, nā plastics, a me nā huahana hou ʻē aʻe i kēia hui o nā hui.
Inā makemake ʻoe, hiki iaʻu ke hana i kahi mana o kēia ʻatikala no nā haʻawina kula (ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi) a i ʻole kahi mana ʻepekema hou aʻe me nā nīnau hoʻohālike a me nā kūkākūkā.
