Ka Ikaika o nā ʻAkika a me nā Kumu: Ke Hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā Kumu o ke Kemika
ʻO nā waikawa a me nā kumu he ʻelua mau ʻano kemika koʻikoʻi i nā hopena kemika he nui, a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. Mai ka hopena waikawa i loko o ka pila kaʻa a i ke kumu i loko o ke kopa, he kuleana koʻikoʻi kā lākou i hiki ʻole ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia. Akā he aha ka mea e hoʻolilo ai i kahi mea i waikawa a kumu paha, a ʻoi aku ka nui, pehea mākou e ana ai i ka ikaika o kēlā mau waikawa a me nā kumu? E kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, a me nā mea like ʻole e hoʻohuli i kā lākou hoʻohana.
Nā Manaʻo Kumu o nā ʻAkika a me nā Kumu
Ma mua o ko kākou hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, e nānā hou kākou i nā manaʻo kumu o kēia mau mea ʻelua. ʻO ka waikawa kahi mea hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i nā iona hydrogen (H+) ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai, ʻoiai ʻo ke kumu kahi mea hiki ke ʻae i nā iona hydrogen a i ʻole, ʻoi aku ka maʻamau, hoʻokuʻu i nā iona hydroxide (OH-).
Wahi a ke kumumanaʻo Arrhenius, he mea hoʻonui ka waikawa i ka nui o nā ion H+ i loko o kahi hopena, ʻoiai he mea hoʻonui ke kumu i ka nui o nā ion OH-. Hoʻonui ke kumumanaʻo Bronsted-Lowry i kēia wehewehe ʻana ma ka ʻōlelo ʻana he mea hāʻawi proton ka waikawa a he mea lawe proton ke kumu.
Ana o ka ikaika o ka waikawa a me ke kumu
Ana ʻia ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu e ko lākou hiki ke hoʻokuʻu a ʻae paha i nā iona H+. ʻO kekahi o nā ala maʻamau e ana ai i ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu ma o ka pālākiō pH. Loaʻa ka pālākiō pH mai 0 a 14, me ka pH 7 ke kiko kūʻokoʻa. ʻOi aku ka pH o nā waikawa ma mua o 7, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka pH o nā kumu ma mua o 7. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa o ka pH, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka waikawa, a ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pH, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ke kumu.
Eia nō naʻe, hāʻawi wale ka unahi pH i kahi manaʻo laulā. No kahi loiloi hohonu, pono mākou e nānā i nā kūpaʻa dissociation waikawa (Ka) a me ke kumu (Kb). ʻO Ka ke ana o ka ikaika o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o kahi waikawa i nā ion H+ i loko o ka hopena, ʻoiai ʻo Kb ke ana o ka ikaika o ka hiki i kahi kumu ke ʻae i nā ion H+. ʻO nā waiwai Ka a me Kb kiʻekiʻe e hōʻike ana i kahi mea ikaika aʻe.
ʻAkika Ikaika vs. ʻAkika Nawaliwali
Hoʻokaʻawale loa kahi waikawa ikaika e like me ka waikawa hydrochloric (HCl) i ka wai, e hoʻokuʻu ana i kāna mau protons āpau e hana i nā ion H+ a me nā anion chloride (Cl-). ʻO kēia ka mea e hoʻolilo ai iā HCl i mea pane nui ma ke ʻano he waikawa. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo kahi waikawa nāwaliwali e like me ka waikawa acetic (CH3COOH) e hoʻokaʻawale hapa wale i ka wai. ʻO ke ʻano kēia ʻaʻole nā mole waikawa acetic āpau e hoʻokuʻu i kā lākou mau protons, e hana ana i kahi kaulike ma waena o nā molekula waikawa undissociated a me nā ion H+ a me acetate (CH3COO-).
Kumu Ikaika vs. Kumu Nawaliwali
Hoʻohana like ke ʻano like i nā kumu. He kūpono loa nā kumu ikaika e like me ka sodium hydroxide (NaOH) i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ion hydroxide (OH-) i loko o ka hopena. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo nā kumu nāwaliwali e like me ka ammonia (NH3) e hoʻokaʻawale hapa wale ʻia, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā molekala e noho ana i ke ʻano undissociated.
Nā Kumu e Hoʻopilikia ana i ka Ikaika o nā Waikawa a me nā Kumu
Aia kekahi mau kumu e hiki ke hoʻopili i ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, me ke ʻano molekala, ke kaiapuni, a me ka mahana.
ʻAno Molekala
He kuleana koʻikoʻi ko ke ʻano molekala o kahi mea i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i kona ikaika waikawa a kumu paha. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā waikawa carboxylic, he mana koʻikoʻi ka hui -COOH. Hiki i ke alo o nā hui electron-withdrawing a i ʻole -donating ke hoʻopilikia i ke kūpaʻa o nā ions i hana ʻia ma hope o ka dissociation, a pēlā hoʻi ka ikaika o ka waikawa.
Ka uila ʻana
He kuleana ko ka electronegativity o ka ʻātoma i hoʻopili ʻia i ka proton (H+). ʻOi aku ka electronegative o kahi ʻātoma, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona huki ʻana i ka electron, e maʻalahi ai ka wehe ʻana i ka proton. No ka laʻana, i loko o nā hydrogens halogenated, hiki i nā waikawa e loaʻa ana ka ʻātoma electronegative nui aʻe—e like me HCl versus HI—ke ikaika aʻe.
Kaiapuni a me ka Mahana
Hiki i ke kaiapuni hoʻonā, e like me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a me nā ion ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hoʻonā, ke hoʻopilikia i ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu. Hiki i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe protic polar e like me ka wai ke hoʻopaʻa i nā ion ma o ka hoʻopaʻa hydrogen, e hoʻonui ana i ka wikiwiki o ka dissociation. Hiki i ka mahana ke hoʻopilikia i nā kūpaʻa dissociation o nā waikawa a me nā kumu (Ka a me Kb). ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mahana e hoʻonui i ke kekelē o ka dissociation, e hoʻonui ana i ka waiwai Ka no nā waikawa a me Kb no nā kumu.
Nā hopena Inductive a me Resonance
Hiki i ka hopena inductive o nā ʻātoma a i ʻole nā hui o nā ʻātoma e pili ana ke hoʻopilikia i ka ikaika o kahi waikawa a i ʻole kumu. Hoʻonui pinepine nā hui electron-withdrawing i ka ikaika waikawa ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā ion maikaʻi ʻole ma o ka huki ʻana o nā uku maikaʻi ʻole. Hiki i nā hopena resonance ke hoʻopaʻa i nā ion i hana ʻia ma hope o ka dissociation, e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka mole e hoʻokuʻu a ʻae paha i nā ion H+.
Ke Koʻikoʻi o ka Ikaika Waikawa a me ke Kumu i ke Ola o kēlā me kēia Lā
No ke aha he mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu? ʻOkoʻa nā pane, mai ka ʻoihana a i ke olakino. I ka ʻoihana, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu i ka hana kemika, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana, a hiki i ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka mea inu. Hoʻohana ʻia nā waikawa ikaika i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe metala, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia nā kumu ikaika i ka hana ʻana i nā kopa a me nā detergents.
I loko o ke kino o ke kanaka, he mea koʻikoʻi ke kaulike o ka waikawa-kumu no ka hana olaola. Loaʻa i ko kākou kino kahi ʻōnaehana pale kūlohelohe e mālama ai i ka pH koko i loko o kahi pae haiki (ma kahi o 7.35 a i 7.45). Hiki i kahi pH kaulike ʻole ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi koʻikoʻi e like me ka acidosis a i ʻole alkalosis.
Ka hopena
He ʻāpana koʻikoʻi nā waikawa a me nā kumu o ke kemika a me ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā. ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka ikaika o nā waikawa a me nā kumu ma o nā manaʻo e like me ka pH, Ka, a me Kb e kōkua iā mākou e kāohi i nā kaʻina hana kemika like ʻole. ʻO nā mea e like me ke ʻano molekala, ka electronegativity, ke kaiapuni, a me ka mahana e pāʻani i kahi kuleana i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ikaika o kahi waikawa a kumu paha. He ākea nā noi o kēia ʻike, mai ka ʻoihana a i ke olakino, e lilo ia i ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ke kemika a he mea pono e aʻo ʻia.
Me ka hoʻomaopopo hohonu ʻana i ka mana o nā waikawa a me nā kumu, ʻaʻole hiki iā mākou ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i ke ao a puni mākou, akā e kāohi a hoʻomaikaʻi pū i nā kaʻina hana kemika like ʻole no ka pono o kānaka.
