Nā ʻAno Hoʻomaopopo Parasite i nā Holoholona
ʻO ka parasite kahi meaola e ola ana ma luna a i loko paha o kahi kikowaena, e hōʻeha ana i kona kikowaena ma ke ʻano o ka maʻi a i ʻole nā ʻeha ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasites i nā holoholona he hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka lāʻau lapaʻau holoholona a me ka mālama ʻana i ke olakino holoholona, e pale ana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā infestations parasitic e hiki ke hoʻopilikia i ke olakino holoholona a me ka huahana. Hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau ʻano hana e ʻike ai i nā parasites i nā holoholona, a e kūkākūkā kēia ʻatikala i kēia mau ʻano hana me nā kikoʻī.
Mikrokopika
ʻO nā ʻano hana microscopic kekahi o nā ʻano hana maʻamau no ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasites i nā holoholona. Pili kēia ʻano hana i ka nānā ʻana i nā hāpana olaola e like me ke koko, ka feces, ka ʻili, a i ʻole nā ʻiʻo i manaʻo ʻia he mau parasites.
1. Ka Nānā ʻana i nā Smears Koko: Hana pinepine ʻia kēia hoʻāʻo e ʻike i nā parasites koko e like me protozoa (e.g., Plasmodium, ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i ka malaria) a me nā ʻano ilo like ʻole. Lawe ʻia kahi hāpana koko mai kahi holoholona a laila hamo lahilahi ʻia ma kahi slide aniani, hoʻoluʻu ʻia me kahi dye kūikawā (e like me Giemsa a i ʻole Wright's), a laila nānā ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope.
2. Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Fecal: Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka nānā ʻana i ka fecal no ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasite ʻōpū, e like me nā roundworms, tapeworms, a me nā protozoa. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana e like me ka flotation a i ʻole ka sedimentation e hoʻokaʻawale i nā hua parasite a i ʻole nā oocysts mai nā mea fecal ʻē aʻe, a laila e nānā ʻia ma ke ʻano microscopic.
3. ʻOki ʻili: Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasite ʻili e like me nā mites. Hana ʻia kahi ʻoki ʻili ma kahi i manaʻo ʻia a nānā ʻia ka hāpana ma lalo o kahi microscope.
ʻO ka serological
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo serological e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā antigens a i ʻole nā antibodies i nā parasites i loko o ka serum holoholona. He mea pono kēia ʻano hana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā maʻi parasitic i paʻakikī ke ʻike pololei ma o ka microscopy.
1. ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay): Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano hana e ʻike a ana i nā antibodies parasite a i ʻole antigens i loko o ke serum. ʻO ke kumu nui o ELISA, ʻo ia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā antigens a i ʻole antibodies kikoʻī i kahi ʻili i uhi ʻia me kahi antigen a i ʻole antibody kikoʻī, a laila ʻike ʻia ma o kahi hopena enzymatic e hana ai i kahi loli kala e hiki ke ana ʻia ma ke ʻano quantitative.
2. Immunofluorescence Assay (IFA): Pili ka IFA i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antibodies i hōʻailona ʻia me nā fluorochromes e ʻike i ke alo o nā parasites i loko o kahi laʻana. Ke hoʻopaʻa ka antibody i ka antigen parasite, hiki ke nānā ʻia ka paʻakikī ma lalo o kahi microscope fluorescence.
Molekala
Ke kaulana nei nā ʻano hana molekala i ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasite no ka mea hāʻawi lākou i ka ʻike kiʻekiʻe a me ke kikoʻī. Pili kēia ʻano hana i ka nānā ʻana i ka DNA a i ʻole RNA o ka parasite.
1. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): He ʻenehana molekala ka PCR i hoʻohana ʻia e hoʻonui i nā ʻāpana DNA kikoʻī mai nā parasites, e ʻae ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā nui liʻiliʻi loa. He mea pono loa kēia ʻenehana no ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasites i paʻakikī ke ʻike me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano kuʻuna, e like me kekahi mau protozoa a me nā virus.
2. PCR Manawa Maoli (qPCR): He hoʻomaikaʻi kēia ʻano hana ma luna o ka PCR maʻamau, e ʻae ana i ke ana ʻana o ka DNA parasite i ka manawa maoli i loko o kahi hāpana. Hāʻawi ʻo qPCR i nā pono i ka wikiwiki a me ka helu ʻana, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka nānā ʻana i ka nui.
3. Ka Hoʻonohonoho ʻana: Hāʻawi ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka DNA i ka ʻike kikoʻī e pili ana i ka genome o kahi parasite. Hiki i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ke ʻike i nā ʻano parasite ma muli o nā moʻo nucleotide i loko o kā lākou DNA a i ʻole RNA. Me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, ua lilo ka hoʻonohonoho genomic i mea maʻalahi ke komo a hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike a aʻo hohonu i nā parasites.
ʻIke histopathological
Pili ka Histopathology i ka nānā ʻana i nā ʻiʻo paʻa a me nā ʻiʻo i hoʻoluʻu ʻia e ʻike i nā pōʻino a i ʻole nā loli i hana ʻia e nā parasites. He mea pono loa kēia ʻano hana no ke aʻo ʻana i nā maʻi parasitic e hoʻopilikia ana i nā ʻiʻo o loko o nā holoholona.
1. Histology: ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo histological e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i kahi hāpana ʻiʻo, ma o ka biopsy, a laila hana iā ia no ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana ma lalo o kahi microscope. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā ʻili kūikawā e like me ka hematoxylin a me ka eosin (H&E) e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka parasite a me nā loli histological i loko o ka ʻiʻo host.
2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC): ʻO IHC kahi ʻenehana e hoʻohana ana i nā antibodies kikoʻī e hoʻopaʻa i nā antigens parasite i loko o nā ʻiʻo. ʻAe kēia i ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasites i loko o kahi ʻano kiko ākea, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka wahi a me ka hopena o ka maʻi parasite i loko o ka mea hoʻokipa.
moʻomeheu
Hiki ke mahi ʻia kekahi mau parasites i loko o ka hale hana no ka ʻike ʻana a me ke aʻo hou ʻana.
1. Ka Moʻomeheu Protozoa: Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia nā Protozoa e like me Giardia lāua ʻo Trichomonas i loko o nā pāpaho kūikawā e hoʻoulu ai i ko lākou ulu ʻana. ʻAe kēia moʻomeheu i ka ʻike morphological maʻalahi a kākoʻo i ka nānā ʻana i nā molekala hou aʻe.
2. Ka Moʻomeheu ʻArthropod: Hiki ke hoʻoulu ʻia kekahi mau arthropods e like me nā ticks a me nā mites ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua no ka ʻike morphological a me nā haʻawina epidemiological.
Ke ʻano hana cytometry kahe
ʻO ka flow cytometry kahi ʻenehana hoʻokolohua i hoʻohana ʻia e ʻike a ana i nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika o nā cell a i ʻole nā ʻāpana e kahe ana ma o kahi kahawai wai. ʻOiai ke hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nei i ka noiʻi cellular a me ka immunological, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia kēia ʻano hana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasite.
1. Immunophenotyping: I loko o ke ʻano o nā parasites, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā antibodies i hōʻailona ʻia e ʻike i nā cell host i loaʻa i ka maʻi a i ʻole nā ʻano parasite kikoʻī e pili ana i nā māka ʻili kikoʻī.
2. Ka nānā ʻana i ka DNA: Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka flow cytometry e kālailai i ka ʻike DNA a me ke ola o nā parasites, e hāʻawi ana i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka helu a me ke kahua hoʻomohala o nā parasites i loko o kahi hāpana.
Nā Māka Genetic a me Biomolecular
Hoʻohana ʻia nā māka genetic a me biomolecular no ka ʻike kikoʻī ʻana i nā parasites a me ko lākou ʻano.
1. RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism): ʻO RFLP kahi ʻenehana e pili ana i ka ʻoki ʻana i ka DNA me nā enzymes restriction a me ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o nā ʻāpana DNA. He mea pono kēia ʻenehana no ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻano parasite a i ʻole nā ʻano ma muli o nā ʻokoʻa o kā lākou genomes.
2. Ka Nānā ʻana i ka Microsatellite: Hoʻohana ka loiloi microsatellite i nā moʻo DNA pōkole a hana hou ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale ma waena o nā kānaka a i ʻole nā hui parasite. Hāʻawi kēia ʻenehana i ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe no ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka heluna parasite a me ka epidemiology.
Me kēia mau ʻano hana like ʻole, ua ʻoi aku ka pololei a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻike ʻana i nā parasite i nā holoholona. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka hui pū ʻana o kēia mau ʻano hana e hōʻoia i kahi hōʻailona pololei a hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pono ai no ka mālama pono ʻana a me nā hoʻolālā kaohi parasite.
