ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā Virus a me nā Bacteria i nā maʻi
Pendahuluan
I ke ao lapaʻau, he mea nui ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā mea hoʻoulu maʻi no ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana. ʻO ʻelua o nā mea hoʻoulu maʻi maʻamau a huikau pinepine ʻia, ʻo ia nā virus a me nā bacteria. ʻOiai hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole i loko o ke kanaka, he ʻokoʻa ko lākou i ke ʻano, ke ʻano o ka hana, ka hoʻolaha ʻana, a me ka pane ʻana i ka mālama ʻana. E ʻimi kēia ʻatikala i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā virus a me nā bacteria a me ko lākou hopena i nā maʻi a lākou e hoʻoulu ai.
1. ʻAno a me ka nui
ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā virus a me nā bacteria ko lākou ʻano a me ka nui.
He mau meaola hoʻokahi-kelepona nā bacteria me kahi ʻano cellular piha. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi paia cell, membrane cell, cytoplasm, a me nā mea genetic i haku ʻia me ka DNA. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā bacteria e ana ma waena o 0,2 a me 10 micrometers (µm). Loaʻa i kekahi mau bacteria nā flagella a i ʻole pili e kōkua iā lākou e neʻe a launa pū me ko lākou kaiapuni.
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā virus ma mua o nā bacteria, ma ke ʻano maʻamau ma waena o 20 a me 300 nanometers (nm). ʻAʻohe ʻano cellular piha o nā virus. Loaʻa iā lākou ka RNA a i ʻole DNA i hoʻopuni ʻia i loko o kahi ʻaʻahu protein i kapa ʻia he capsid. Loaʻa i kekahi mau virus kahi envelope lipid i loaʻa mai ka membrane cell host. No ka mea, ʻaʻohe o lākou ʻano cellular ponoʻī a me ka metabolism, ʻaʻole hiki i nā virus ke ola a hana hou me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopili ʻana i kahi cell host.
2. ʻAno Hana Hoʻouluulu
ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi nā ʻano hana hānau ma waena o nā maʻi a me nā bacteria.
Hoʻoulu hou nā bacteria ma ke ʻano asexual ma o ka binary fission, kahi e hana hou ai kahi cell bacteria hoʻokahi i kāna mea genetic a māhele ʻia i ʻelua mau cell kaikamahine like. Hiki i kekahi mau bacteria ke kaʻana like i nā mea genetic ma o ka conjugation, transduction, a i ʻole ka hoʻololi ʻana, hiki ke hoʻonui i ko lākou ʻano genetic a ʻae i ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā wahi e loli nei.
ʻO nā virus, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hana hou ma o lākou iho. Pono lākou i kahi cell host e hana hou. Aia i loko o ke ola viral kekahi mau pae:
1. Adsorption: Hoʻopili ka maʻi i nā mea loaʻa ma ka ʻili o ke kelepona hoʻokipa.
2. Ke komo ʻana: Komo ka maʻi a i ʻole kāna mea hoʻoilina i loko o ke keena kikowaena.
3. Hoʻopili hou ʻana: Lawe ka mea hoʻoilina o ka maʻi i nā mīkini kelepona o ka mea hoʻokipa e hana i nā kope hou o ka maʻi.
4. ʻAhahui: Ua ʻākoakoa ʻia nā ʻāpana viral hou i loko o ke keena kikowaena.
5. Lysis a i ʻole Budding: Hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā virus hou mai ke kelepona hoʻokipa, e luku pinepine ana i ke kelepona i ke kaʻina hana.
3. Nā maʻi i hana ʻia
Hiki i nā bacteria a me nā virus ke hoʻoulu i nā ʻano maʻi like ʻole, akā ʻokoʻa pinepine nā ʻano o nā maʻi a lākou e hoʻoulu ai.
ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa nā maʻi bacteria i ka wā e hoʻonui ai nā bacteria i loko o ke kino a hoʻokuʻu i nā mea ʻawahia e hōʻino i nā ʻiʻo kikowaena. ʻO kekahi mau hiʻohiʻona o nā maʻi bacteria e komo pū me ka maʻi puʻupuʻu (Mycobacterium tuberculosis), nā maʻi streptococcal (Streptococcus pyogenes), a me nā maʻi E. coli (Escherichia coli). Hiki i nā maʻi bacteria ke ʻano mai nā maʻi ʻoluʻolu e like me nā maʻi urinary tract a hiki i nā kūlana hoʻoweliweli ola e like me ka sepsis.
Hoʻokumu nā virus i ka maʻi ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā cell host a me ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i kā lākou hana maʻamau. He kikoʻī loa kekahi mau virus i ke ʻano o ke cell a lākou e hoʻopili ai. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā maʻi viral e komo pū me ka influenza (virus influenza), COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), a me ka AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus, HIV). He ʻoi kekahi mau maʻi viral, e like me ka flu, aʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe hiki ke lilo i mau loa, e like me ka HIV a i ʻole ka hepatitis B.
4. Ka Lapaʻau a me ka Kāohi ʻana
ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi ma waena o nā virus a me nā bacteria aia i ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana iā lākou.
Hiki ke mālama ʻia nā maʻi bacteria me nā antibiotics, kahi e hana ai ma ka pepehi ʻana i nā bacteria a i ʻole ke kāohi ʻana i ko lākou ulu ʻana. Eia nō naʻe, pono e kūpono a akahele ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā antibiotic e pale aku i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā antibiotic, kahi e hoʻomohala ai nā bacteria i ka hiki ke kūʻē i nā hopena o nā antibiotics.
ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama ʻia nā maʻi viral me nā antibiotics. ʻO ka mālama ʻana no nā maʻi viral he mau hōʻailona pinepine ia, e kōkua ana i ka hōʻoluʻolu ʻana i nā hōʻailona ʻoiai e ulu ana ka pane kūlohelohe o ke kino. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻolālā ʻia kekahi mau antiviral e kuhikuhi i nā virus kikoʻī, e kāohi ana i ko lākou mau pōʻaiapuni ola a hoʻemi i ke koʻikoʻi o ka maʻi. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau antiretroviral e mālama i ka HIV, a hoʻohana ʻia nā lāʻau antiviral e like me oseltamivir no ka maʻi influenza.
ʻOkoʻa nō hoʻi ke kāohi ʻana ma waena o nā maʻi bacteria a me nā maʻi viral. He ala kūpono loa ka pale ʻana i nā maʻi viral he nui, e like me nā maʻi influenza, hepatitis, a me HPV. Hiki ke pale ʻia kekahi mau maʻi bacteria ma o ka pale ʻana, e like me nā maʻi no ka tetanus, pertussis, a me Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib). He mea nui nō hoʻi nā hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe maikaʻi, ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe, a me nā hana kaohi maʻi i ka pale ʻana i ka laha ʻana o nā bacteria a me nā virus.
5. Ka Hoʻomohala ʻana i ke Kūʻē
ʻO ka ulu ʻana o ke kū'ē ʻana he mea nui nō hoʻi ia i ka wā e kū mai ai nā maʻi bacteria a me nā virus.
Ua lilo ke kū'ē ʻana i nā antibiotic i waena o nā bacteria i pilikia nui o ka honua. ʻO ka hoʻohana nui ʻana a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i nā antibiotics ua hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana o nā bacteria i kū'ē i kēia mau lāʻau lapaʻau, e hoʻolilo ana i kekahi mau maʻi i maʻalahi ke mālama ʻia i mea paʻakikī loa ke mālama. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o nā bacteria kū'ē e komo pū ana me ka methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) a me ka multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-TB).
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i nā virus ke hoʻomohala i ke kūʻē ʻana i nā lāʻau antiviral. No ka laʻana, ua kūʻē kekahi mau ʻano HIV i nā regimen antiretroviral he nui. ʻO nā hoʻololi genetic wikiwiki i nā virus e like me ka influenza ʻo ia hoʻi he pono e hoʻonui mau ʻia nā lāʻau pale a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻoponopono i nā ʻano hou e kū mai ana.
Ka hopena
He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā virus a me nā bacteria i nā ʻano olakino lapaʻau a me ke olakino lehulehu. ʻOiai hiki i nā mea ʻelua ke hoʻoulu i ka maʻi, ʻokoʻa loa lākou i ko lākou ʻano, nā ʻano hana hānau, nā ʻano maʻi a lākou e hoʻoulu ai, a me nā ʻano o ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia ʻike ʻaʻole wale no nā loea lapaʻau akā no ka lehulehu hoʻi e mālama i ke olakino a pale i ka hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Me ka ʻike kūpono a me nā hana pale kūpono, hiki iā mākou ke kāohi i ka laha ʻana o ka maʻi a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke olakino honua.
